Nonmetal Oxides

Nonmetal Oxides

Most nonmetals react with oxygen to form compounds called __________.

Multiple Nonmetal Oxides

Why can a single nonmetal sometimes form several different oxides? Because the nonmetal may have multiple available oxidation states.

Oxidation State

The particular oxide formed by a nonmetal often depends on the __________ available to that element.

Fluorine

This element is the major exception to the usual naming relationship between nonmetals and oxygen because it is more electronegative than oxygen.

Oxygen Fluorides

Compounds containing only oxygen and fluorine are classified as __________ rather than fluorine oxides.

OF₂

Formula of oxygen difluoride.

Oxygen Difluoride (OF₂)

Name of the compound OF₂.

+2

What is the oxidation state of oxygen in OF₂?

−1

What is the oxidation state of each fluorine atom in OF₂?

Because fluorine is more electronegative than oxygen.

Why does oxygen have the unusual positive oxidation state of +2 in OF₂?

Sulfur Dioxide (SO₂)

One of the two common oxides of sulfur; it is responsible for the characteristic odor associated with burning sulfur.

SO₂

Chemical formula of sulfur dioxide.

Sulfur Trioxide (SO₃)

The other major common oxide of sulfur discussed in the lesson.

SO₃

Chemical formula of sulfur trioxide.

SO₂ and SO₃

Name the two common oxides of sulfur.

Sulfur Dioxide (SO₂)

The odor of burning sulfur is primarily due to this sulfur oxide.

Volcanic Gases

SO₂ occurs naturally in these gases emitted from geological activity.

Industrial Plants

SO₂ may occur in the atmosphere near __________ that burn fuels containing sulfur compounds.

Sulfur-Containing Fuels

Burning __________ can release SO₂ into the atmosphere.

Bent

The molecular geometry of gaseous SO₂ is __________.

Resonance

The bonding in SO₂ can be represented using this concept involving multiple contributing Lewis structures.

Sulfur in the Center

In the molecular structure of SO₂, which atom occupies the central position?

Trigonal Planar

The molecular geometry of an isolated gaseous SO₃ molecule is __________.

Resonance

The bonding in SO₃ can be represented using multiple __________ structures.

Sulfur in the Center

In the molecular structure of SO₃, which atom occupies the central position?

Sulfur Dioxide (SO₂)

Burning elemental sulfur in oxygen primarily produces this sulfur oxide.

S(s) + O₂(g) → SO₂(g)

Chemical equation for the combustion of sulfur to produce sulfur dioxide.

Roasting Sulfide Ores

Heating metal sulfides in the presence of oxygen is called __________ and can produce SO₂.

Sulfur Dioxide

Roasting many metal sulfide ores in oxygen releases __________ as a gaseous product.

Metal Oxide and Sulfur Dioxide

Roasting an appropriate metal sulfide in oxygen commonly produces a __________ and __________.

2ZnS(s) + 3O₂(g) → 2ZnO(s) + 2SO₂(g)

Representative equation for roasting zinc sulfide in oxygen.

Zinc Oxide and Sulfur Dioxide

What products form when ZnS is roasted in oxygen?

Further Oxidation of SO₂

Sulfur dioxide can react with additional oxygen to produce sulfur trioxide; this process is an example of __________.

2SO₂(g) + O₂(g) → 2SO₃(g)

Chemical equation for the oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide.

Sulfur Trioxide (SO₃)

What sulfur oxide results from further oxidation of SO₂?

+4

What is the oxidation state of sulfur in SO₂?

+6

What is the oxidation state of sulfur in SO₃?

+4 → +6

How does the oxidation state of sulfur change when SO₂ is oxidized to SO₃?

Sulfur is Oxidized

In the conversion SO₂ → SO₃, is sulfur oxidized or reduced?

Lewis Acids

Sulfur oxides can react with many oxides and hydroxides by behaving as __________.

Electron-Pair Acceptor

What is the defining behavior of a Lewis acid?

Sulfur Oxides

SO₂ and SO₃ can function as Lewis acids in reactions with suitable oxides and hydroxides.

Sulfites and Hydrogen Sulfites

Reaction chemistry involving SO₂ with suitable bases can produce these two families of sulfur oxyanions/salts.

Sulfates and Hydrogen Sulfates

Reaction chemistry involving SO₃ with suitable bases can produce these two families of sulfur oxyanions/salts.

Sulfite Ion (SO₃²⁻)

The oxyanion associated with sulfurous-acid chemistry that contains sulfur and three oxygen atoms and has a 2− charge.

SO₃²⁻

Chemical formula and charge of the sulfite ion.

Hydrogen Sulfite Ion (HSO₃⁻)

The singly protonated sulfite species.

HSO₃⁻

Chemical formula and charge of the hydrogen sulfite ion.

Sulfate Ion (SO₄²⁻)

The oxyanion associated with sulfuric-acid chemistry containing sulfur and four oxygen atoms with a 2− charge.

SO₄²⁻

Chemical formula and charge of the sulfate ion.

Hydrogen Sulfate Ion (HSO₄⁻)

The singly protonated sulfate species.

HSO₄⁻

Chemical formula and charge of the hydrogen sulfate ion.

SO₂ → Sulfites / Hydrogen Sulfites

Complete the family relationship: sulfur dioxide chemistry with suitable oxides/hydroxides leads to __________.

SO₃ → Sulfates / Hydrogen Sulfates

Complete the family relationship: sulfur trioxide chemistry with suitable oxides/hydroxides leads to __________.

Halogens

Which family of elements does NOT react directly with elemental oxygen under ordinary direct-combination chemistry?

Indirect Preparation

If halogens do not react directly with O₂, how are binary oxygen-halogen compounds generally prepared? By reactions involving halogens and oxygen-containing compounds.

Chlorine, Bromine, and Iodine

Binary oxygen compounds with these three halogens are classified as oxides.

Halogen Oxides

Binary compounds of oxygen with chlorine, bromine, or iodine are generally called __________.

Because oxygen is more electronegative than chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

Why are binary oxygen compounds of Cl, Br, and I classified as oxides?

Oxygen Fluorides

Binary compounds between fluorine and oxygen are classified as __________.

Because fluorine is more electronegative than oxygen.

Why are binary fluorine-oxygen compounds classified as fluorides rather than oxides?

Electronegativity

Whether a binary oxygen-halogen compound is treated as an oxide or fluoride depends fundamentally on relative __________.

Reactive and Unstable

As a class, halogen oxides are generally extremely __________ and __________.

Limited Practical Importance

Because most halogen oxides are highly reactive and unstable, their chemistry generally has __________.

Dichlorine Monoxide (Cl₂O)

One of the two commercially important chlorine oxides highlighted in the lesson.

Cl₂O

Chemical formula of dichlorine monoxide.

Dichlorine Oxide

Another name used in the lesson for dichlorine monoxide, Cl₂O.

Chlorine Dioxide (ClO₂)

The other commercially important chlorine oxide highlighted in the lesson.

ClO₂

Chemical formula of chlorine dioxide.

Cl₂O and ClO₂

Name the two commercially important chlorine-oxygen compounds emphasized in the lesson.

Bleaching Agents

Cl₂O and ClO₂ have commercial importance partly because they can be used as __________.

Pulp and Flour

Cl₂O and ClO₂ are mentioned as bleaching agents for these materials.

Water Treatment

Besides bleaching, chlorine oxides such as Cl₂O and ClO₂ have applications in __________.

Nonmetal Oxide + Water → Oxyacid

A major general reaction pattern connecting nonmetal oxides with acids.

Oxyacid

An acid containing hydrogen, oxygen, and another element that may form when an appropriate nonmetal oxide reacts with water.

Acid Anhydride

A nonmetal oxide that produces an acid upon reaction with water is called an __________.

Nonmetal Oxides

Many __________ act as acid anhydrides because they form acids when allowed to react with water.

Acid Anhydride + Water → Acid

General relationship describing the reaction of an acid anhydride with water.

SO₂ + H₂O → H₂SO₃

Reaction illustrating SO₂ functioning as an acid anhydride to form sulfurous acid.

Sulfurous Acid (H₂SO₃)

The oxyacid associated with sulfur dioxide and water.

SO₃ + H₂O → H₂SO₄

Reaction illustrating SO₃ functioning as an acid anhydride to form sulfuric acid.

Sulfuric Acid (H₂SO₄)

The oxyacid associated with sulfur trioxide and water.

SO₂

Which sulfur oxide acts as the acid anhydride of sulfurous acid, H₂SO₃?

SO₃

Which sulfur oxide acts as the acid anhydride of sulfuric acid, H₂SO₄?

Oxyanions

When oxyacids lose H⁺ ions, they produce negatively charged oxygen-containing species called __________.

Salts

Oxyanions derived from nonmetal oxyacids can combine with metal ions to form __________.

Nonmetal Oxide → Oxyacid → Oxyanion → Salt

Arrange the general progression connecting a nonmetal oxide to the ionic compounds derived from it.

Metal Oxides → Bases; Nonmetal Oxides → Acids

What broad contrast helps organize representative-element oxygen chemistry?

Acid Anhydride

Complete the contrast: many metal oxides behave as base anhydrides, whereas many nonmetal oxides behave as __________.