ANTH 2030 Practical 2 Study Guide for Labs 4-5

Cercopithecoidea

Cercopithecoidea

A superfamily of Old World monkeys.

Hominoidea

A superfamily that includes apes and humans.

Epiphyseal closure

The process that indicates the age of an individual based on the fusion of bone ends.

Osteoarthritis

A degenerative joint disease that can lead to the fusion of vertebrae.

Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI)

The largest group of the same bone from the same side, used to estimate the number of individuals represented.

Quadrupedal locomotion

Movement using all four limbs, can be arboreal or terrestrial.

Suspensory/Brachiator locomotion

Movement that involves hanging or swinging from branches.

Bipedal locomotion

Movement that involves walking on two legs.

Clavicle

features acromial and sternal ends.

Scapula

A bone that connects the humerus to the clavicle, featuring acromion process, coracoid process, and glenoid fossa.

Humerus

The upper arm bone, featuring

the humeral head,

bicipital groove,

olecranon fossa,

medial epicondyle,

trochlea.

Ulna

The inner forearm bone, featuring the semilunar notch, radial facet, and olecranon process.

Radius

The outer forearm bone, featuring the radial head, ulnar notch, styloid process, and radial tuberosity.

Vertebrae

The bones that make up the spine, differentiated into cervical, thoracic, and lumbar types.

Features

• Centrum

• Transverse Foramina

• Rib Facets

• Lack of Centrum (C1, “The Atlas”)

• Dens or Odontoid Process (C2, “The Axis)

C1 (The Atlas)

The first cervical vertebra, which lacks a body/centrum.

C2 (The Axis)

The second cervical vertebra, which has the dens/odontoid process.

Transverse Foramina

Holes in cervical vertebrae that allow for the passage of blood vessels.

Rib facets

Surface features on thoracic vertebrae that articulate with ribs.

Cervical vertebrae

• Yes transverse foramina

• No rib facets.

Thoracic vertebrae

• Yes rib facets

• No transverse foramina.

Lumbar vertebrae

• No rib facets

• No transverse foramina.

Bicipital groove

A feature of the humerus that is wide and shallow in quadrupeds.

Olecranon process

A feature of the ulna that is extended in quadrupedal locomotion.

Radial head

The proximal end of the radius, which is unconstricted in quadrupeds.

Phalanges

Finger bones that can be curved or flat depending on locomotion type.

Brain Size in Cercopithecoids

Brain size is less than or equal to face size.

Brain Size in Hominoids

Brain size is greater than face size.

Bilophodont Molars

A type of molar found in Cercopithecoids.

5Y Molars

A type of molar found in Hominoids.

Sternum

No Features

Ribs

No Features

Sacrum

Feature Alae

a. Clavicle

b. Humerus

c. Scapula

d. Radius

e. Ulna

f. Sternum

The Clavicle

a. Acromial end

b. Sternal end

The Scapula

a. Acromion Process

b. Glenoid Fossa

c. Coracoid Process

The Humerus

Features:

a. Bicipital Groove

b. Medial Epicondyle

c. Olecranon Fossa

The Ulna and Radius

#1: The Ulna

            Features:

a. Olecranon process

b. Semilunar notch

d. Radial notch

#2: The Radius

            Features:

a. Radial head

b. Styloid process

c. Ulnar notch

1. Name the Type of Vertebra: Cervical

Features:

a. Transverse foramina

b. Centrum/body

2. Name the Type of Vertebra: Thoracic

Features:

b. Centrum/body

c. Rib facet

3. Name the Type of Vertebra: Lumbar

Feature:

b. Centrum/body

Osteoarthritis

Identifications: Bony lipping. ridges, spurs on synovial joints

Causes: aging, physical activity, localized trauma, infection

Osteophytosis

Identifications: Bony lipping. ridges, spurs on cartilaginous joints (between centrum at each vertebrae)

Causes: aging, physical activity, localized trauma, infection