Lecture: Review of Cell Biology - CHAPTER 3

Vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts from cell biology, membrane structure and transport, organelles, cell division, tissue context, anatomical terminology, imaging, body cavities, and major organ systems as presented in the lecture notes.

Composite cell

A typical conceptual cell containing membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and organelles; serves as a model, not every cell has all structures.

Mitochondria

Produce ATP (energy) for the cell through cellular respiration.

Nucleus

Stores DNA and regulates cellular activities.

Nucleolus

Within the nucleus; produces rRNA and assembles ribosome subunits.

Chromatin

DNA-protein complex that condenses into chromosomes during cell division.

Golgi apparatus

Modifies, sorts, packages, and ships proteins and lipids.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Network that builds important molecules and transports them; rough ER has ribosomes, smooth ER does not.

Rough ER

ER studded with ribosomes; synthesizes and folds proteins.

Smooth ER

ER without ribosomes; synthesizes lipids, detoxifies, and stores calcium.

Inclusion

Nonliving materials stored in the cell (e.g., pigments, nutrients).

Intracellular space

Space inside the cell bounded by the membrane (cytoplasm).

Extracellular space

Space outside the cell membrane.

Intercellular space

Space between two or more cells; part of the extracellular environment.

Interstitial space

Space between cells within a tissue.

Stem cell

An undifferentiated cell capable of differentiation, division, and specialization.

Metaplasia

Limited conversion from one cell type to another, then it stops.

Cloning

Nuclear transfer: transferring a nucleus from a somatic cell into an enucleated egg to create a new organism.

Cell membrane

Phospholipid-protein bilayer that encloses the cell; selectively permeable.

Phospholipids

Lipid molecules with polar heads and nonpolar tails forming the bilayer.

Polar head

Hydrophilic, charged region of a phospholipid.

Nonpolar tails

Hydrophobic region of a phospholipid.

Cholesterol

Sterol in the membrane that adds firmness; too much can reduce permeability.

Semipermeable membrane

Nonliving membranes that allow certain substances to pass (e.g., in dialysis).

Selectively permeable

Living membranes regulate which substances cross the membrane.

Integral proteins

Membrane proteins that span the membrane; include receptors and transporters.

Fibrous protein

Thread-like membrane protein; involved in receptors and signaling (often considered integral).

Globular protein

Globular membrane protein; forms channels or carriers to aid diffusion.

Peripheral proteins

Membrane proteins attached to the surface; often function as enzymes.

CAMs (Cell Adhesion Molecules)

Proteins that mediate cell–cell adhesion and movement between cells.

CHO (carbohydrates)

Carbohydrates attached to lipids or proteins on the membrane; contribute to cell identity.

Glycolipid

Carbohydrate-bearing lipid in the membrane involved in cell recognition.

Glycoprotein

Carbohydrate-bearing protein in the membrane involved in cell recognition.

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration; passive process.

Facilitated diffusion

Diffusion that requires a carrier protein; still moves down the gradient.

Active transport

Movement of substances against a gradient using ATP and a carrier.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from high to low water concentration.

Osmotic pressure

Pressure exerted by solute particles in a solution; higher solute concentration increases osmotic pressure.

Endocytosis

Process by which the cell takes in material via vesicle formation.

Pinocytosis

Endocytosis of liquids.

Phagocytosis

Endocytosis of solids.

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Endocytosis triggered by specific receptors binding to ligands.

Sodium-potassium pump

Primary active transport exporting Na+ and importing K+ to maintain ion gradients.

Autoimmune disease

Condition where white blood cells attack the body's own organs.

Light microscope

Optical microscope using visible light; lower resolution than electron microscopes.

Parfocal

Lenses are designed so a specimen stays in focus when switching magnifications.

Electron microscope

Microscope using electrons for higher resolution; not using visible light.

TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope)

Electron microscope that provides 2D images of thin specimens.

SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope)

Electron microscope that provides 3D images of surfaces.

Centrioles

Cylindrical structures organizing microtubules for mitosis.

Cilia

Short, hair-like extensions that move substances across cell surfaces.

Flagella

Long, whip-like extensions that propel cells (e.g., sperm).

Vesicles

Small, membrane-bound sacs for transport within or out of the cell.

Lysosomes

Digest old organelles and invaders; garbage disposal of the cell.

Peroxisomes

Detoxify harmful substances and break down fatty acids; neutralize hydrogen peroxide.

Nuclear envelope

Double membrane surrounding the nucleus.

Cytoplasm

Material inside the cell, excluding the nucleus; includes cytosol and organelles.

Meninges

Membranes that cover the dorsal body cavity (brain and spinal cord).

Pleura

Membrane surrounding the lungs within the thoracic cavity.

Peritoneum

Membrane lining the abdominal cavity; has visceral and parietal layers.

Peritoneal layers

Visceral = near organs; Parietal = near the abdominal wall.

Abdominopelvic cavity

Cavity below the diaphragm containing abdominal and pelvic organs.

Thoracic cavity

Cavity above the diaphragm containing heart and lungs; includes pleural and pericardial cavities.

Anatomical position

Standing upright with feet together, arms at sides, palms forward; baseline reference for anatomy.

Midsagittal plane

Plane that divides the body into left and right halves, equal in size.

Coronal plane

Plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.

Transverse plane

Plane that divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) parts.

Oblique plane

Plane that runs at an angle (not 90 degrees) to the primary planes.

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment or trunk.

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment or trunk.

Superior (cephalic)

Towards the head or upper part of a structure.

Inferior (caudal)

Towards the feet or lower part of a structure.

Medial

Toward the midline of the body.

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body.

Ipsilateral

On the same side of the body.

Contralateral

On opposite sides of the body.

Supine

Lying face up.

Prone

Lying face down.

Central

Toward the center; opposite of peripheral.

Peripheral

Toward the outside or edge; away from the center.

Homeostasis

Maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body.

Negative feedback

Response counteracts the stimulus to return to normal.

Positive feedback

Response enhances the stimulus; can amplify processes (e.g., birth).