🧬 AP BIO MEIOSIS STUDY NOTES

Asexual Reproduction

Involves only one parent and produces genetically identical offspring (clones). No gametes are involved.

Binary Fission

A method of asexual reproduction where a single organism divides into two equal parts, commonly seen in bacteria.

Budding

A form of asexual reproduction where a new organism grows from a part of the parent organism, as seen in yeast and Hydra.

Parthenogenesis

A form of asexual reproduction in which an egg develops into a new individual without fertilization, occurring in some lizards, ants, and bees.

Sexual Reproduction

Involves two parents and produces genetically different offspring, increasing genetic variation.

Crossing Over

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during Prophase I of meiosis.

Independent Assortment

The random orientation of chromosome pairs during Metaphase I of meiosis, leading to varied genetic combinations.

Haploid

A cell that has half the number of chromosomes, produced during meiosis.

Meiosis

A type of cell division that reduces chromosome number by half, resulting in haploid gametes.

Homologous Chromosomes

Pairs of chromosomes that have the same genes but may have different alleles, one inherited from each parent.

Aneuploidy

An abnormal number of chromosomes resulting from nondisjunction during meiosis.

Nondisjunction

The failure of chromosomes to separate properly during Anaphase I or II, leading to aneuploidy.

Meiosis I

The first division in meiosis, where homologous chromosomes are separated and the chromosome number is reduced by half.

Meiosis II

The second division in meiosis, similar to mitosis, where sister chromatids are separated.

Interkinesis

A short resting phase between meiosis I and meiosis II, during which no DNA replication occurs.

Diploid

A cell that has two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

Gametes

Haploid reproductive cells (sperm and egg) formed during meiosis.

Chromosome Pairing

The process during Prophase I of meiosis where homologous chromosomes come together to form tetrads.