Textbook Summary

"Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology" by Elain M. Marieb

Hormone

Chemical substances secreted by endocrine cells to regulate metabolic activity of other cells

Target organ

The target of a hormone, which is specific to that hormone

Hormones are one of three types:

Amino acid based, steroids (cholesterol based), or prostaglandins

Amino acid based hormones

Comprised of proteins, peptides, and amines

Steroid hormones

Cholesterol based construction, featuring sex hormones and adrenal cortex

Prostaglandins

Local hormones comprised of highly active lipids

Direct gene activation is used by ___

Steroid hormones

Second messenger system are used by ___

Water soluble, non-steroid hormones (protein and peptide hormones)

Direct gene activation steps

1) Diffuse through plasma membrane

2) Enter cell nucleus

3) Bind to hormone receptor

4) Binding to DNA

5) mRNA protein production

Second messenger system steps

1) Bind to hormone receptor (on membrane)

2) Cascading enzyme reaction

3) Trigger secondary messenger molecule

4) Messengers bring about intercellular changes

Direct gene activation is used by ___

Steroid hormones and thyroid hormones

Secondary messenger systems are used by ___

Non-steroid/protein and peptide hormones

what determines whether a hormone will influence a given body cell?

Whether or not a cell as receptors for that hormone in the plasma membrane or internally

Hormonal systems are ___ that neural systems

Slower

cAMP is a ___ for many hormonal expressions

Secondary messenger

The three types of stimuli that can trigger hormonal release

Hormonal, humoral, and neural

Hormonal stimulus example

Hypothalamus secretes hormones to thee anterior pituitary, which causes secretion of hormones to trigger other endocrine glands in the body

Humoral stimulus example

A low concentration of calcium in the blood stimulates the thyroid gland, which then secretes parathyroid hormones

Neural stimulus example

Preganglionic sympathetic fiber stimulates adrenal medulla cells, which go onto stimulate the glads production of catecholamines

The hypothalamus is responsible for ___, while also being a part of the nervous system

Some hormone production

Endocrine glands are ___ that produce hormones and release into the bloodstream

Ductless glands

Exocrene glands release products into ___

The body’s surface or into body cavities

Pituitary gland (anterior pituitary)

“Master endocrine gland” responsible for producing hormones stimulated by the hypothalamus

Pituitary gland (posterior pituitary)

Responsible for storage and release of hormones produced by the hypothalamus, and does NOT produce it’s own hormones

Oxytocin is released by ___

Hypothalamus

Oxytocin is responsible for ___

Labor, childbirth, and sexual relations

Anti diuretic hormone (ADH)/vasopressin is released by ___

Hypothalamus

Anti diuretic hormone (ADH)/vasopressin is responsible for ___

Urine production in kidneys, blood pressure

What effect would elevated levels of thyroid hormone in the blood have on TSH secretion?

It would inhibit TSH secretion by the anterior pituitary

Diabetes insipidus is caused by ___

Lessened secretion of ADH

Tropic hormones

Hormones that “turn on” their target organs

All anterior pituitary hormones are ___

Proteins or peptides, use secondary messengers, and regulated by hormonal stimuli (often negative)

Growth hormone (GH) is released by ___

Anterior pituitary

Growth hormone (GH) is responsible for ___

Skeletal growth, muscular growth, metabolic activity, protein building

Pituitary dwarfism, gigantism, and acromegaly are caused by

Deficits and excess of GH

Prolactin (PRL) is released by ___

Anterior pituitary

Prolactin (PRL) is responsible for ___

Lactation

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH) is released by ___

Anterior pituitary

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH) is responsible for ___

Regulation of endocrine activity in the adrenal cortex

Thyrotropic Hormone (TH/TSH) is released by ___

Anterior pituitary

Thyrotropic Hormone (TH/TSH) is responsible for ___

Thyroid growth, thyroid activity

Gonadotrpoic hormones are released by ___

Anterior pituitary

Gonadotrpoic hormones are responsible for ___

Gonad (sex organs) stimulation

Follicle stimulating hormones (FSH) are released by ___

Anterior pituitary

Follicle stimulating hormones (FSH) are responsible for ___

Ovarian follicle development, sperm development

Luteinizing hormone (LH) is released by ___

Anterior pituitary

Luteinizing hormone (LH) is responsible for ___

Triggers ovulation, testosterone production

Sterility can be caused by ___

Hyposecretion of FSH or LH

Thyroid

Located in the base of the throat and composed of follicles

Thyroid hormone (T3/T4) is released by ___

Thyroid

Thyroid hormone (T3/T4) is responsible for ___

Rate of glucose consumption

Thyroid hormones are heavily reliant on ___

Iodine

Goiters is caused by ___

Lessened thyroid hormone production caused by lack of iodine

Parathyroid

Glands found on the posterior surface of the thyroid

Parathyroid hormone is released by ___

Parathyroid

Parathyroid hormone is responsible for ___

Blood calcium regulation

What affect on calcium would come from removing the parathyroid gland?

Blood calcium would dramatically drop due to bones no longer affected by PTH

Adrenal gland

Bean shaped glands located above the kidneys

Corticosteriods include ___

mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones

Corticosteroids are produced by ___

Adrenal cortex

Mineralcorticoids are responsible for ___

Mineral content in blood

Pineal gland

Thymus

Pancreas

Gonads (ovaries and testes)