Chapter 2: Transformations of North America, 1450-1700 - APUSH

Act of Religious Toleration - 1649

a law enacted in Maryland in 1649 declaring that all Christian denominations have a right to practice their faith.

Bacon's Rebellion - 1676

An uprising in Virginia led by Nathanial Bacon and his followers were upset by the Virginia Governor's unwillingness to send troops to intervene in conflicts between settlers and Native Americans and lack of representation in the House of Burgesses.

Columbian Exchange - 1492

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Conquistadors - Late 1400s

Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)

Covenant Chain - 1677

Alliance formed between the English and the Iroquois nations. Maintained a good alliance and a fur trade between colonists and Iroquois.

Encomienda System - 1502

System in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills.

Headright System - 1618

Employed in the tobacco colonies to encourage the importation of indentured servants, the system allowed an individual to acquire fifty acres of land if he paid for a laborer's passage to the colony.

House of Burgesses - 1619

First elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legislative acts.

Indentured Servants - 1608

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years.

Mayflower Compact - 1620

The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Metacom's War - 1675

First large-scale conflict between colonists and Native Americans, waged in Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.

Pequot War - 1636

Conflict between English settlers and Pequot Indians over control of land and trade in eastern Connecticut

Pilgrims - 1620

Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands.

Pueblo Revolt - 1680

Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

Puritan Migration - 1630

Many Puritans emigrated from England to America in the 1630s and 1640s. During this time, the population of the Massachusetts Bay colony grew to ten times its earlier population.

Slave Code - 1695

Laws passed in the Southern states that controlled and restricted enslaved people due to fears of rebellion. Defined slavery as a distinct status based on racial identity.

Subsistence farmer

farmer who produces enough harvest to supply personal needs but has little or no surplus.

Nathanial Bacon

Twenty-nine-year-old planter who led a 1676 rebellion of frontiersmen (wretched bachelors) against Berkeley's friendly relations with Indians; in Virginia;

Sir William Berkeley

The royal governor of Virginia. Adopted policies that favored large planters and neglected the needs of recent settlers in the 'backcountry.' His shortcomings led to Rebellion

Francis Drake

English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)

Opechancanough

Chief of native confederacy after brother Powhatan died, led efforts to defend Indian lands from European, 1644 led unsuccessful uprising -last time Powhatans challenged eastern regions of colony

Lord Baltimore

He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.

John Winthrop

Puritan leader who became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Roger Williams

He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

Metacom

Aka King Philip, Native American ruler, who in 1675 led attack on colonial villages throughout Massachusetts