Bio 10 unit 2 study guide

cellular respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

Stages of Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis, oxidation of pyruvic acid, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain chemiosis

Metabolic pathways

a series of enzymatic reactions that converts one biological material to another.

Anabolic

small molecules are built into large ones, energy is required

Catabolic

Large molecules are broken down into small ones. Energy is released.

Endergonic

A chemical reaction that requires the input of energy in order to proceed.

Exergonic

Chemical reactions that release energy

Oxidation

loss of electrons

Reduction

gaining electrons

Reactant

a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction. Pulls on electrons the hardest (very electronegative), will gain electrons in the end

NAD+

electron carrier involved in glycolysis, electron taxi, passes on electrons

Unloaded (oxidized)

NADH

the reduced form of NAD+; an electron-carrying molecule that functions in cellular respiration

Loaded with e- (reduced)

What is put in and what comes out of cellular respiration

Glucose and oxygen —> energy conversion —> carbon dioxide water

How do cells get energy

By taking electrons away from an energy storing molecule

Glycolysis and Krebs cycle yield e- carried to__________for final high-yield stage of energy harvesting

Electron transport chain (ETC)

Cellular respiration summary of products

Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle each yield two net molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose.

The ETC yields 32 molecules of ATP

Where does cellular respiration occur?

cytoplasm and mitochondria

Glycolysis takes place in the cell's cytosol, while the Krebs cycle and the

ETC take place in mitochondria, that lie within the cytosol.

Glycolysis

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and two molecules of pyruvic acid.

Krebs cycle

second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions

More energetics electrons are transported by electron carriers NADH and to the ETC

The net energy yield of the Krebs cycle per molecule of glucose is

Six molecules of NADH, two molecules of FADH2, and two molecules of ATP

Chromosomes

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

Genes

DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission.

Traits

Characteristics that are inherited

three stages of interphase

G1, S, G2

G1 phase

The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.

S phase

The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.

G2 phase

The second growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.

Chromosomes during mitosis

X-shaped chromosomes separate and each daughter cells will receive a genetically identical copy of each chromosome.

How does the cytoplasm divide in animal cells?

1. microfilaments along the cell membrane form a contractile ring

2. contractile ring contracts to form a cleavage furrow

3. cleavage furrow divides the cytoplasm (cytokinesis)

G0 phase

A nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly.

cell cycle checkpoints

mechanisms that monitor the preparedness of a eukaryotic cell to advance through the various cell cycle stages

binary fission process

1. As the chromosome is duplicating, the copies move towards the opposite ends of the cell.

2. The cell elongates

3. When the chromosome duplication is complete and the cell has reached about twice its initial size, the plasma membrane grows inward and more cell wall is made, dividing the parent cell into two daughter cells

Genome

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes

Why is cell division important?

For growth, repair and asexual reproduction

Three steps in cell division

Replication, mitosis, cytokinesis

Fluid Mosaic model

Structural model of the plasma membrane where molecules are free to move sideways within a lipid bilayer.

Passive Transport (Diffusion)

A process that requires no energy to move molecules down their concentration gradient(from high to low concentration)

osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

The net movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from and area of lower solute concentration to an area of high absolute concentration

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Fluid vs mosaic: what does the fluid mosaic model mean?

Fluid = Can move, fold in and out

Mosaic = composed of different paere

Roles of membranes

Enzymatic activity, cell signaling, attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix, transport, intercellular joining, cell-cell recognition

semipermeable membrane

A membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules to pass through.

The plasma membrane is a semi permeable membrane, osmosis operates in connection with it. Osmosis is a major force in living things, it is responsible for much of the movement of fluids into an out of cells.

Hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution, solution (such as water) moves in

Hypertonic

Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution. (Solution such as water moves out)

Isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same (solution goes in and out)

forms of passive transport

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated differential

forms of active transport

endocytosis and exocytosis

water moves from ____ to _____

high to low

Isotonic solution = water moves....

In and out of a cell equally

Hypotonic solution = water moves...

Into a cell

Hypertonic solution = water moves...

Out of a cell

turgor pressure

The pressure that water molecules exert against the cell wall (ex. Plants wilting without water)

Diffusion is more rapid in

Gases than liquids, higher rather than lower temperatures, smaller rather than larger molecules, and uncharged molecules

Both simple and facilitated diffusion require a

Concentration gradient

simple diffusion

Materials move down their concentration gradient through the phospholipid bilayer

fascilitated diffusion

The passage of materials is aided by both a concentration gradient, and a transport protein

1. The transport protein has a binding site for glucose that is open to the outside of the cell

2. Glucose binds to the binding site

3. This binding causes the protein to change shape, exposing glucose to the inside of the cell

4. Glucose passes into the cell and pro in returns to its original shape

concentration gradient

A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance.

Active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

A cell need to maintain a greater concentration of a given substance on one side of its membrane. Chemical pumps move compounds across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradients.

transport proteins

A transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane.

Energy is required to move something from a lower concentration to a higher concentration. Energy must be expended to move compounds against their concentration gradients.

Homologous

term used to refer to chromosomes in which one set comes from the male parent and one set comes from the female parent

What lines up during meiosis I

Homologous pairs

The process of some genetic material from one chromosome to another is

Crossing over

What phase do chromosomes line up during

Metaphase

What phase are sister chromatids split apart

Anaphase

Daughter cells formed from meiosis are only for

Fusing, gametes