Health and Wellness

Health

Presence or absence of disease

Health by Florence nightingale

State of being well and using every power the individual possess to the fullest extent

Healthy by WHO 1948

A state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity; a more holistic view of health

health by talcot Parsons, 1951

the ability to maintain normal roles ( Even if you are not feeling well but as long as you are able to function or to maintain the normal roles, then you are considered as healthy or well.); defined as role and performance

Health by the U.S president commission on health needs of the nation

is not a condition; it is a n adjustment. It is not a state but a process

Health and illness by ANA

are human experiences. The presence of this does not prelude health not does optimal health prelude illness

personal definition of health

is a highly individual perception

wellness

a state of well-being

wellbeing

a function of life opportunities and achievements

Self-responsibility, Ultimate goal,  Dynamic, decision making in the areas of nutrition, Physical Fitness, Preventive health care, emotional health, whole being of the individual

basic aspects of wellness

Physical, Social, Emotional, Intellectual, Spiritual, Occupational, Environmental

7 components of wellness

physical wellness

this component of wellness refers to: ability to carry out daily tasks, Maintain adequate nutrition and proper body fat, achieve fitness

social wellness

this component of wellness refers to: ability to interact successfully with people and within the environment of which each person is a part

emotional wellness

this component of wellness refers to:ability to maintain stress, Express emotions appropriately, Involves the ability to recognize, accept, express feelings, and to accept one’s limitations

intellectual wellness

this component of wellness refers to: ability to learn and use information effectively for personal, family, and career development, Involves striving for continued growth and learning to deal with new challenges effectively

spiritual wellness

this component of wellness refers to: belief in some force (nature, science, religion, or a higher power) that serves to unite human beings and provide meaning and purpose to life. Includes a person’s morals, values, and ethics

occupational wellness

this component of wellness refers to: ability to achieve a balance between work and leisure time, Person’s beliefs about education, employment, and home influence personal satisfaction and relationship with others

environmental wellness

this component of wellness refers to: The ability to promote health measures that improve: standard of living, quality of life in the community

well-being

Is a subjective perception of vitality and feeling well can be described objectively, experienced, measured, and can be plotted on a continuum and is a component of health

clinical model, role performance model, adaptive model, eudaimonistic model Agent-host-environment model, health-illness scale, Dunn’s high level well less grid, illness-wellness continuum

what are the 8 models of health and wellness

Clinical Model

this model of health and wellness states that: People are viewed as

physiologic systems with related functions and Health is identified by the

absence of signs and symptoms of disease or injury

Role Performance Model

this model of health and wellness states that: Health is defined in terms of the individual’s ability to fulfill societal roles (perform his/her work). People who can fulfill their roles are healthy even if they have clinical illness. (People usually fulfill several roles: Mother, Daughter, Friend

sickness

according to the role performance model, this is the inability to perform one’s work

Adaptive Model

this model of health and wellness states that: Health is a creative process. Disease is a failure in adaptation/maladaptation. Extreme good health is flexible adaptation and interaction to the environment to maximum advantage

stability

focus of adaptive model

adaptive model

aim of treatment: to restore the ability of the person to adapt, that is, to cope

Eudaimonistic Model

this model of health and wellness states: Comprehensive view of health, Health is seen as a condition of actualization/realization of a person's potential

actualization

the apex of fully developed personality (described by Abraham Maslow)

Fulfillment & complete development

said to be the highest aspiration of people

Illness

condition preventing self-actualization

Agent-host-Environment Model

this model of health and wellness: “Ecological Model”, Primarily used in predicting illness rather than in promoting wellness, Identifying risk factors that result in interactions of agent, host, environment are helpful in promoting and maintaining health.

ecological model

other name for Agent-host-Environment Model

agent, host, environment

3 dynamic interactive elements of the agent-host-environment model

agent

any environmental factor / stressor (biologic, chemical, mechanical, physical, or psychological) that it’s presence or absence

host

person who may or may not be at risk of acquiring disease; family history, age lifestyle,

habits

this influences the host’s reaction

environment

all factors external to the host that may or may not predispose the person to the development of disease;

health-illness scale

this model of health and wellness states that:can be used to measure a person’s

perceived level of wellness. Health and Illness/Disease can be viewed as the “opposite ends” of the Health Continuum

Dunn’s high level wellness grid

this model of health and wellness states that: A Health Grid in which a health axis and environmental axis intersect. the grid demonstrates the interaction of the environment with the illness-wellness continuum.

health axis

extends from peak wellness to death

environmental axis

extends from very favorable to very unfavorable

High-Level Wellness

which is defined as “a condition of change in which the individual moves forward, climbing toward a higher potential of functioning”

illness wellness continuum

this model of health and wellness states that: movement to one side of the neutral point indicates increasing levels of health and wellness to an individual. This is achieved through health knowledge, disease prevention, health promotion, and a positive attitude

health promotion model

this model of health and wellness states that: Focuses more on the health-promoting behaviors rather that health protection or illness prevention behaviors.

internal and external

what are the 2 variables influencing health status, belief and behaviors

biological dimensions, psychologic dimensions, cognitive-dimension factors

what are the 3 dimensions under the internal variables of influencing health status, belief and behaviors

genetic makeup, sec, age and developmental level

what are under biological dimensions

mind-body interactions, self-concept

what are under pscyhologic dimensions

lifestyle choices and spiritual and religious beliefs

what are under cognitive-dimension

environment, standards of living, family and cultural beliefs, and social support networks

what are the external variables influencing health status, belief and behaviors

health locus of control model and Rosenstock and Becker’s health, belief model

what are the two health belief models

locus of control

used to determine whether clients believe that their health status is under their own or other’s control, it is also used to predict

internal and externals

two types of locus of control

internals

in this locus of control, health is largely self-determined

external

in this locus of control, health is largely controlled by outside focus

Rosenstock and Becker’s health, belief model

according to __, health is a related action on the simultaneous occurrence of 3 factors

sufficient motivations to make health issues be viewed as important, belief that one is vulnerable to a serious health problem, belief that following a particular health recommendation would be beneficial

3 factors of the Rosenstock and Becker’s health, belief model

health care adherence

an individual’s behavior coincides with medical or health advice

Illness

Highly personal state in which the person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual functioning is thought to be diminished

illness

functioning state, not able to function; highly subjective

disease

The alteration in body functions resulting in a reduction of capacities or a shortening of the normal life span.

etiology

Causation of a disease

age, nutritional status, occupation

what are the etiology factors

acute and chronic

two classifications of illness

acute illness

Typically characterized by severe symptoms of relatively short duration. May or may not require health care professionals interventions

chronic illness

One that last for an extended period (6 months or longer), and often for the person’s life.

illness behaviors

Coping mechanism where ill individuals behave in a certain way.

Clients are not held responsible for their condition, are excused from certain social roles and tasks, are obliged to try to get well as quickly as possible, are obliged to seek competent help

what are the 4 aspects of the sick role

parson

the 4 aspects of the sick role was according to

Suchman (1979)

who described the 5 stages of illness

symptoms experiences, assumption of the sick role, medical care contract, dependent Client role, recovery and rehabilitation

5 stages of illness

stage 1: symptom experiences

in this stage, person is aware that something is wrong. person usually recognizes a physical sensation or limitation in functioning but does not suspect a specific diagnosis.

stage 2: assumption of the sick role

in this stage, symptoms persist and become severe, clients assume the sick role. Sick people seek confirmation for their families and social groups that they are indeed ill and that they be executed from normal duties and role expectations.

stage 3: medical care contact

in this stage, the client seeks expert acknowledgement of the illness as well as the treatment. If symptoms persist despite the home remedies, become severe or require emergency care, the person is motivated to seek professional health services

stage 4: dependent client role

in this stage, depends on health care professionals for the relief of symptoms. The client accepts care, sympathy and protection from the demands and stresses of life and can adopt the dependent role in a health care institution, home, or in a community setting.

stage 5 recovery and rehabilitation

In this stage, the client is expected to relinquish to dependent role and resume former roles and responsibilities

primary, secondary and tertiary

what are the three levels of prevention

prevention

includes a wide range of activities - known as “interventions” - aimed at reducing risks or threats to health.

primary prevention

generalized health promotion and specific protection against disease. It preceeds disease on dysfunction and is applied to generally healthy individuals

primary prevention

aims to prevent disease or injury before it ever occurs and is done by preventing exposures to hazards that cause disease or injury, altering unhealthy or unsafe behaviors that can lead to disease or injury, and increasing resistance to disease or injury should exposure occur

secondary prevention

emphasizes every detection of disease, prompt intervention, and health maintenance to individual experience in health problems

secondary prevention

aims to reduce the impact of disease or injury that has already occurred.

Examples include:

• Regular exams and screening tests to detect disease in its earliest stages (mammograms)

tertiary prevention

begins after an illness, when a defect or disability is fixed, stabilized, or determined to be irreversible.

tertiary prevention

Aims to soften the impact of an ongoing illness or injury that has a lasting effect

health promotion, disease prevention, health maintenance, curative care, palliative care

what are the levels of care

health promotion

this level of care refers to “prevention”, in a narrow sense, means avoidingf the development of disease in the future and, in the broader sense, consists of all interventions to limit progression of a disease

disease prevention

A procedure through which individuals, particularly those with risk factors for a disease, are treated in order to prevent a disease from occuring

health maintenance

A guiding principle in health care that emphasizes on health promotion and disease prevention rather than the management of symptoms and illness. Activities that preserves an individuals present state of health and that prevent occurrence of disease or injury

curative care

To cure a disease or promote recovery from an illness, injury or impairment

(can be provided in a hospital or in a home)

palliative care

To bring comfort and relief from a serious, progressive illness that may or may not be life-limiting. It can be provided at home and in long-term facilities and hospitals