Lab 7

four steps of respiration

pulmonary ventilation, external vemtilation, transport of gases, internal respiration

pulmonary ventilation

inspiration and expiration

external respiration

co2 diffuses to lungs from blood, o2 diffuses to blood from lungs

transport of gases

co2 transported from tissue to lungs, o2 transported from lungs to tissue

internal respiration

o2 diffuses from blood to cells of body, co2 diffuses from cells of body to blood

upper respiratory system

nose up to larynx

lower respiratory system

larynx and inferior

tissues in nasal cavity

olfaxtory mucosa epithelium (in sup. nasal cavity) and pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

nose function

-warming and moistening air
-filtering debris from air
-houses olfactory receptors

paranasal sinuses

spaces in the sphenoid, ethmoid, and frontal bone that help lighten the skull

respiratory zone

site of external respiration

conducting zone

system of tubes starting with the nose and ending with the respiratory bronchioles

larynx

houses the vocal chords

glottis

the vocal folds and the space between them

how is voice pitch changed?

laryngeal muscles change the size of the glottis

how is length of vocal folds changed?

laryngeal muscles move the arytenoid cartilage

valsalva maneuver

glottis is closed to increase intra-abdominal pressure

heart rate increases when we..

breathe in

trachalis muscle

lies between esophagus and trachea, aids in forceful coughing

bronchiole

-diameter smaller than 1mm
-no cartilage
-higher % of smooth muscle

alveolar sac

cluster of alveoli coming off the alveolar duct

alveolus

- wall of simple squamous epithelium (type I)
- covered in pulmonary capillaries
- contains cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant

respiratory membrane

fused basement membrane of capillary wall and alveolus

ventilation

amount of gas reaching the alveoli

perfusion

blood flow in pulmonary capillaries

mediastinum

contains heart, esophagus, bronchi, great vessels

pleurisy

inflammation of the pleura,

inspiratory reserve volume

amount of air forcefully inhaled

expiratory reserve volume

amount of air forcefully exhaled

inspiratory capacity

VT + IRV

expiratory capacity

VT + ERV

vital capacity

VT + IRV +ERV

functional residual capacity

ERV + RV

total lung capacity

VT + IRV + ERV + RV

dalton's law

total pressure of gases will equal sum of partial pressure of each gasyu

hypoxia

insufficient delivery of oxygen to tissues

anemic hypoxia

caused by insufficient hemoglobin

ischemic hypoxia

from blocked/poor circulation

histotoxic hypoxia

body cells are unable to use oxygen delivered

COPD

-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
-irreversible
-increased RV