Test 1

chapters 1-10 if you're in my class and using this... you're so welcome

three main approaches of studying anatomy

three main approaches of studying anatomy

1. regional (trunk; thorax, abdomen, back, plevis) and surface anatomy ( anatomy beneath the skin)

2. system anatomy (mbodys organ system working together to carrie out complex functions)

3. clinical ‘applied’ (focused on body structures and function important to the practice of medicne)

anatomicomedial terminology

terms provide info on structure,shape,size,location and function

anatomical position

body standing upright, eyes/head facing forward, arms by side and palms facing anteriorly, feet parallel

median plane

divides body into left and right halves

sagittal plane

parallel to median plane, left and right sections

frontal plane

divides body into anterior and posterior

transverse plane

divides body into superior and inferior parts

longitudinal sections

parallel to long partaxis of body. median and (sagittal) and frontal planes. 180 degree range of possible sections

transverse sections

cross sections, horizontally

oblique sections

non right cuts

palmur vs dorsal

palmar is palm of hand and dorsal is top of hand

plantar vs dorsal

plantar issole of foot and dorsal (dorsum) top of foot

superficial vs deep

superficial is closer to the skins surface, deep is farther away from skins surface

inferomedial

closer to feet and median plane

superolateral

closer to head and further from median plane

external vs internal

outside or further vs closer to center

bilateral

left and right members. ex kidneys

unilateral

only on one side. ex spine

contralateral

occuring on oppisite side

ipsilateral

occuring on same side as another part. ex acl tear?

flexion vs extension

decreasing angle between bones vs increasing angle

abdcution vs adduction

away from median vs ADDing to median

medial rotation vs lateral

anterior surface towards midline vs anterior surface away from median plane

opposition vs reposistion

thumb (1st diget) to another diget vs reposition of thumb back to orginal position

supination vs pronation

sup radius brings arm up (back to anterior position) vs pro turns radius down

protraction vs retraction

scapula on thoraic wall moves anteriorly vs retraction moves scapula prosteriorly

elevation vs depression

raises part superiorly vs lowers part inferiorly

dorsiflexion vs plantarflexion

flex at ankle lift foot up to sky vs bending feet towards ground

curcumduction

abd,add,flexion,extenstion,flexion

rotation

turning around longitudal axis

lateral bending

side to side

protrusion vs retrusion

movement anteriorly vs movment prosteriorly

joints are… and 3 types of movment

unions or junctions between 2 or more bones or rigid parts of skeleton: no movement, slight movement, freely movable

fibrous joints

united by fibrous tissue, movment depends on length of fibers (syndesmosis type- unites boin with sheet of fibrous tissues)

cartilaginous joints

united by hyline cartilage/fibrocartilage

two types of cartilaginous joints

primary (sychondroses) secondary(sympyses)

-light bend in early life -stong and provides

-growth in length of bone shock absorption and ex. head of femur flexability ex. vertebra

synovial joint

unitad by joint capsile made of fiberous layer, lined by serous synovial membrane, articular cartilage covers ends of bones

6 types of synovial joints

plane,hinge,saddle,conyloid,ball and socket,pivot,

plane

sliding and gliding, opposed bone surfaces are flat, limited movement from tight joint capsules

hinge

flexion/extension, uniaxial joint, bones joined by strong laterally collateral ligaments

saddle joint

abduction/adduction flexion/extension, biacial joint movment in two planes, some circumduction

condyloid

abd/adduction,flexion/extention, biaxial joint in one plane, not much circumduction.

ball and socket

movment in mulitiple axis, flex/extension,abd/adduction, medial/lateral rotation, circumduction, Highly moveable joint

pivot

rotation around central axis (uniaxial), rounded process of bone rotates within a sleveve or ring. ex. radio-unlar joint

axial skeleton

bones of head,neck, and trunk

long bones

humerus,femur

short bones

found in ankle (tarsus) and Carpus (wrist)

flat bones

cranium,scapula, for protection and increse muscle attachment

Irregular bones

bones of face

sesamoid bones

protect tendons from lots of wear and tear. ex. patella, medial sesamoid of foot

capitulum

small, round, articular head (lateral bottom part of humerus)

crest

top ridge of part of pelvis bone, Lliac cest. purpose is for muscle attachment

condyle

in pairs medial and lateral femoral condyle

epicondyle

superior to condyle, small lateral stuck out part. point of attachment for ligaments to attach

facet

smooth flat area, bone articulates with another bone, covered in cartlige

foramen

passage through a bone, nerves arteries pass though. (lower pelvis) obturator

fossa

hollow or depressed area. allows muscle attachment. ex. infraspinous fossa

groove

long depressed area for tendons to pass through. ex. bicipital groove

head

large round articular head. ex head of femur

line

slightly elevated. ex. soleal line of tibia

malleolus

rounded process. ex lateral malleolus fibula

notch

indentation at edge of bone. ex greater sciatic notch

protuberance

projection of bone. ex. external occipital protuberance

spine

thorn like process. ex spine of scapula

spinous process

projecting spine like part, ligament and muscle attachment, protects nerves, ex. spinous process of vertebra

trochanter

larger blunt elevation of bone, ex. greater trochanter of femur

trochlea

articular process or process that acts like a pulley, hinge joint/flex & extend, ex. trochlea of humerus

tubercle

greater and lesser tuercle of humerus

tuberosity

larger rounded elevation, ex. deltoid tuberosity

movements of scapula

retractin, protraction, elevation, depression, dowanward and upward rotation

coracoid process?

bent finger lookin, provides inferior attachment

acrominal end of clavicle?

acromioclavicular joint sits vetween this and acromion end of scapula

acromion of scapula?

lateral end of scapula

lesser and greater tubercle?

intertubercular groove (bicipital groove)?

surgical neck?

deltoid tuberosity?

superior border?

superior angle?

supraspinatus fossa?

superior to spine

sternal end?

sternoclavicular joint superior and attaches sternal end of clavicle and sternum

supraspcapular notch?

nerves go in through here

medial border?

side of scapula closest to midline

inferior angle?

lowest angle

lateral border?

away from midline

spine of scapula?

acromion?

lateral extension of scapula

sternoclavicular joint (sc)

very strong, articulates with sternal end of clavicle and sternum. acts as a shock absorber/ full elevation of limb (clavicle 60 degrees)

acromioclavicular joint (ac)

articulates with clavicle aromaial end and acromion of scapula, plane synovial joint,

articular disc of sc joint

inferior part of clavicle

coracoclavicular

inferoir part of clavicle, strong, united concoid process of sacpula to the clavicle

glenohumeral joint

ball and socket, unstable but moves alot, outside lining is glenoid labrum

transverse humeral ligament

bridging lesser and greater tubercle, over laying the bicep tendon

costoclavicular

oval area for attachment to the first joint

coracoacromial

aromion end of sacpula to coracoid process

coracohumeral

coracoid process to greater and lesser tubercle

capsular

connects humerus to the glenoid, sac that surrounds a joint