History of Psychology Exam 3

First contribution of William James

Habit

-Habit makes everyday tasks automatic and it keeps life running smoothly

-Easy going vs. strenuous lifestyle

•Two types of personality

1. Easy going—slacker, relaxed, don't care

2. Strenuous—take active command of your life

-Habit is involved in brain plasticity

-"Energies of Men" (1907) → SECOND WIND

Second contribution of William James

The Self

-Material Self—canvas of the body and physical material natures that points to who you are (hairstyle, dress, possession, your house, the way you live, etc.)

-Social Selves—we have a different "self" for each person we know

•Nicknames = names for our social selves

-Spiritual Self—unlike other selves, this is internal—who you are when there is no one else around

•Basis for free will and morality

-Sometimes there are tensions and struggles among the different selves

Third contribution of William James

Emotions

-Carl Lange

-James-Lange Theory of Emotion: body changes occur before perception of emotion

•"We feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble" (be able to recognize that this is James)

-Individual can control their emotions

•"To feel cheerful, sit up cheerfully, look around cheerfully and act as if cheerfulness were already there" (be able to recognize that this is James)

Granville Stanley Hall (1844-1924)

-1st PHD in Psychology (1878) at Harvard.

•1st American to study with Wundt.

-Established psychology lab at Johns.

-American Journal of Psychology.

•First American psychology journal!

-1st President of Clark University.

-American Psychological Association.

•1st APA President.

•Elected again in 1924.

-1st to introduce psychoanalysis to America (Freud & Jung visited Clark U in 1909).

-Hall's contributions to psychology:

•1st developmental psychologist. (Truly a lifespan psychologist.)

•Contents of Children's Minds→ 1st questionnaire in US & "child's study." Movement with John Dewey.

First Contribution of Hugo Munsterberg

Clinical Psychology

-Directive approach → therapist is the agent of change (especially with assurance and hypnosis)

-Stressed individual differences over nomothetic categories

-Disliked theory of unconscious motivation

Second Contribution of Hugo Munsterberg

Legal Psychology

-On the Witness Stand (1908) → eyewitness memories are subjective

-Criminal behavior is the product of environment (not heredity)

-Studied guilt by physiological processes (blood pressure, heart rate, eye movements)

-First psychologist to study jury decision making

•Make more accurate judgments in groups than individually

•Women made more mistakes in group decisions→ women shouldn't be jurors

Third Contribution of Hugo Munsterberg

Industrial Psychology

-Psychology and Industry Efficiency (1913 book)

•Employee selection—used early personality tests and intelligence tests as a means to try to determine who an effective worker would be

•Simulations of human performance ("tasks in miniature")

•Marketing and advertising

(Repetition of product would increase public awareness--Advertisers have the power to manipulate consumers

-"social sins of advertising"-his warning of manipulation)

Mary Whiton Calkins

•Although Greek instructor, she established a psychology lab at Wellesley College

(First psych lab at a women's college)

•Studied with James and Munsterberg—one on one instruction with James

-Dissertation on memory with Munsterberg

-Harvard refused to grant her a PhD

(Harvard offered PhD from Radcliffe in 1902 → she refused it--Several psych alum asked Harvard to grant her PhD in 1927 → DENIED)

•Paired association method

-Developed it for her dissertation

-Tested memory association by recall of paired stimulus-response terms

-Desk moon, orange hat, etc.—if you were asked one, you needed to say the other (association)

•Self Psychology

-Focus should be on scientific study of self and conscious mind

-Wrote the first article that formally criticized behaviorism

•DREAM analysis

-kept track of her dreams for 45 nights and kept a dream journal

-accuretly concluded that people dream every night, four dream per night on average is common, and that we can to an extent control our dreams

•President of APA in 1905—1st woman to hold this position

Francis Sumner (1895-1954)

•PhD from Hall (1920) at Clark → 1st African American PhD in psychology in the USA

•Became the chair of the psychology department at Howard University (1930-1954)

•Active contributor to psychological abstracts→ summarized research in many countries and educated psychologists about what was happening in the discipline

•Very interested in the psychology of black life

John Broadus Watson

•University of Chicago offered him and assistant professor position right after they gave him a PhD

•Mary Ickes fell in love with him and asked him to marry her and he said yes—left Chicago cause he was sleeping with students and went to John Hopkins

(Watson became editor of Psychological Review)

•"Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It" (will be a question about this—read)

-calls for a radical change in the psychology discipline

-He criticizes EVERYONE and demands a more scientific approach and less of a philosophical one

-Child rearing

•PSYCHOLOGICAL CARE OF THE INFANT AND CHILD

-Treat children like adults → don't spoil them. Be objective

-Psychologists should raise children not parents

-Did advocated sexual education.

-educated public through popular magazines and radio programs

Rosalie Rayner

-Graduate research assistant who assisted in the infamous "Baby Albert" experiment

-Watson had an affair with her

-Ruined his marriage and caused him to get fired from Johns Hopkins University

J. Walter Thompson Advertising Co.

-Excellent at his job because he's manipulative

-Infamous cigarette and toothpaste ad with sexy lady

Objective Psychology (Watson)

•Anti-mentalism based on Pavlovian conditioning

•Mentalism is a crutch that prevents psychology from becoming a true form of objective science

•Goal of Psychology: Prediction and control of behavior

•Radical Environmentalism: Belief that most, if not all, human attributes are the product experience

Emotion (Watson)

•Three basic emotions: fear, rage and love

•Conditioned emotional reactions (Watson & Rayner, 1920)

-9-month old infant "Albert B"

-UCS: Loud noise (slam claw hammer against 4' long steel bar)

-UCR: Fear

-CS: Neutral Stimulus (White rat)

-Pairing of CS and UCS must be instantaneous! (no more than a half second) in order to generate CR

-CR: Fear of rat

-Fear generalized to rabbit, dog, sealskin coat, Santa Claus mask and Watson's hair

Mary Cover Jones (1896-1987) (emotion)

-3-year old boy "Little Peter"

-Counter conditioning: Replace aversive behavior with a more positive behavior

-Little Peter LOVED peanut butter and jelly sandwiches

-Basis for modern behavioral therapy

Founder of Psychology

Wundt

Informal founding date of psychology

1879

Formal founding date of psychology

1890

Halls Contributions

first developmental psychologist-1st lifespan psychologist

"contents of children's minds" (1st questionnaire in US and "child study movement" w/Dewey)

-the way he studied was crucial--children were an annoyance and treated poorly

-he was one of the first to actually talk to children and get info about them opposed to asking parents, etc.

-Pedagogical seminary (1891) first developmental psychological journal

-emphasized different developmental phase between being a child and an adult

-adolesence (1904)--strong Darwinism influence: unhappy experience for many

-sendesscence: the last half of life (1922)

-a classic work in the study of aging--he examined the treatment of the elderly in various cultures

-psychology of aging (psychology of religion)

-founded APA

Clark and Clark

-Mamie Phipps Clark and Kenneth Clark did work on black children's self-identity—tried to study African American girls, and gave them a choice (play behavior with dolls)—"would you rather with the black or white doll?"

(The supreme court acknowledged their research when they did Brown vs. Board)

John Dewey

-played a key role in launching functionalism

-studied under Hall

-reconsidered the term "reflex"

-thought democracy should be learned in schools

-was a premier figure in the founding of functionalism and progressive education

E.L. Thorndike

-favored a more objective psychology that focused on the observable actions of living organisms

-he was a pioneer in the experimental study of animal behavior and advanced an early learning theory

-his research confirmed that heredity plays a powerful role in human life

-learning theory

-connectionism

-the law of exercise identical elements transfer theory

•Read William James book

•Attended Harvard→earned masters in 1895

-Began research on learning with chickens in James' cellar

Hollingworth

variability hypothesis: men are physically and psychologically more variable than women

-she conducted a study to disprove this:compared male and female infants at birth physically

-she argued that great male achievements are due to males having greater opportunities

-studied mentally disabled children and gifted children (resulted in the book the psychology of the adolescent)

Alfred Binet

-constructed a scale generally regarded as the first successful intelligence test

-assisted in the founding of the first French journal of psychology

-instead of studying simple reaction times, he looked at memory for numbers, ability to solve spatial or conceptual problems, and memory for designs

-from his point of view a child's intelligence score could change after additional education

-stanford-binet intelligence scale

B.F. Skinner Applied

-made an effort to generalize his ideas from the domain of the lab too the complexity of the external world

-analysis of verbal behavior

-concept of language acquisition

-claimed that verbal behavior is learned and like any operant behavior , is modified by ensuing consequences from a given community

-education: programmed instruction

-the book "Enjoy old age" focusing on diet, exercise, forgetfulness, sensory deficiencies and the fear of death

-military: project pigeon: trained pigeons to navigate an armed glider

-Walden two

-application of psychotherapy

-marked the first usage of the term behavior therapy

"father of applied behavior analysis"

Halls-American Journal of Psychology

First American psychology journal!

"Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It"

In 1913, Watson published this article which is sometimes called "The Behaviorist Manifesto". In this article, Watson outlined the major features of his new philosophy of psychology, called "behaviorism". The first paragraph of the article concisely described Watson's behaviorist position: Psychology as the behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods, nor is the scientific value of its data dependent upon the readiness with which they lend themselves to interpretation in terms of consciousness. The behaviorist, in his efforts to get a unitary scheme of animal response, recognizes no dividing line between man and brute. The behavior of man, with all of its refinement and complexity, forms only a part of the behaviorist's total scheme of investigation.

"Principles of Psychology"

James

"On the Witness Stand"

Muensterberg

"Psychology as the behaviorist use it "

Watson

Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology

Dewey

"Enjoy Old Age"

Skinner