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Mean
The arithmetic average of a dataset, calculated by summing the values and dividing by the number of values.
Median
The middle value of a dataset when arranged in ascending order; resistant to outliers.
Mode
The value that appears most frequently in a dataset.
Range
The difference between the maximum and minimum values in a dataset.
Variance
A measure of the average squared deviations of each value from the mean, indicating spread.
Standard Deviation
The square root of variance, measuring the average distance of each data point from the mean.
Interquartile Range (IQR)
The difference between the third quartile (Q3) and the first quartile (Q1), representing the spread of the middle 50% of data.
Skewness
A measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable.
Kurtosis
A measure of the heaviness of the tails of a distribution, indicating the presence of outliers.
Pearson's Correlation Coefficient (r)
A measure of the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two continuous variables.
Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient (ρ)
A measure of the strength and direction of the monotonic relationship between two variables.
Kendall's Tau (τ)
A measure of the strength and direction of the relationship between two ordinal variables.
Cronbach's Alpha
A measure of the internal consistency or reliability of a set of items.
Composite Reliability
An overall measure of reliability for a construct in a structural equation model.
Convergent Validity
The degree to which two measures of constructs that should be related are actually related.
Discriminant Validity
The degree to which a construct is truly distinct from other constructs.
R-square
A measure indicating the proportion of variance in the dependent variable explained by the independent variables.
Predictive Relevance (Q²)
An assessment of the model's ability to predict future outcomes.
