Speech and Hearing 1st Exam

Systems used to speak

• respiratory system

  • the sound you are exhaling

• neurological system

  • you telling your nerves to do this (ex. open my lips, my jaw)

• muscular system

Speech sounds are determined by what we can…

produce and what we can perceive

are there speech organs?

• no because these would be things that are only used for speech

  • but things like your mouth is also used for food

• we use old parts for new purposes

aerodynamics and speech

• the study of movement of air and the forces used to generate the movements

• we produce air puffs

• the sound traveling when talking to someone in the back of the room

kinematics

• the study of motion, the positions, the velocities, and accelerations of body parts

• focuses on the forces that cause the movements

• the vocal folds being blown apart

acoustics/acoustic phonetics

• study of sound: its production, transmission, and effects

• acoustic phonetics = the study of speech sounds

• contributes by studying all mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids including vibration, sound, ultrasound, and infrasound

psychoacoustics

• looks at the relation between the physical properties of a phenomenon and perception

ultrasound

• frequency is higher than you can perceive

• not audible sound

infrasound

• frequency is lower than you can perceive

• not audible sound

components of language

• phonology

  • how language uses sound

    • which sounds it uses and how it uses it

• morphology

• syntax

• lexicon/semantics

  • all the words you know

articulation

• what you are actually doing to create a sound/language

sub-glottal system

• lungs

• muscles needed for inhalation and exhalation

• trachea

larynx

• has the vocal folds

• glottis

  • can open and close

vocal tract

• the area from the larynx to the lips

• pharynx

  • the throat

  • tongue is on the back of this

• nasal cavity

• oral cavity

sender

• production of acoustic signal

message

• acoustic signal

receiver

• reception of acoustic signal

relationship of communication, language, and speech

• Communication is the largest circle, then language, and then speech

Communication through language

• textingsp

speech in language

• spoken communication

Just speech (in the circles of communication, language, and speech)

• the vocalized form of human communication

• Talking to yourself

Language

• the words and rules for combing them common to a particular group of people

Start with conceptualizer, go to lexicon to find the words you need (lexicalization), then formulator to figure out the order of them (syntactic planning), and then phonological encoding (get your mouth to do it) 

hardware

• speech and hearing anatomy

  • the brain, anatomical structures

Software

• how the anatomical structures are programmed and learn to function, internal language rules

• can use the software to activate the hardware

speech sounds are… (planned or unplanned)

planned

where can speech problems occur?

• in the production, the transmission (someone is talking over dr. loncke when he is trying to talk to sal in the back), or the reception (ex. hearing loss)

propogation

• movement of sound waves in space from speaker to hearer

reception

• the process of hearing

what is sound

• sound is a disturbance through a medium (like air)

what does a medium have to have?

• elasticity

• has to have special properties that allow the sound to travel

What do we hear when we hear sound?

• pressure disturbances in the air

  • which are made by the source

Pressure disturbances

• also called waves

• these are caused by the sound source

what influences the velocity (speed) of sound?

• the degree of elasticity of the medium

  • based on the medium

what does sound travel fastest through

• harder materials

  • like steel

what does sound travel medium speed through

• liquids

what does sound travel the slowest through

gases

what is the speed of sound (sound waves) in dry air @ 68°F

340-344 m/sec

• in 1 second sound travels 340 meters

• 1 cycle = 340 meters

elasticity

• the ability of an object to spring back to its resting shape when deforming forces are removed

stiffness

• the degree to which an object resists being deformed

what is required for a wave to propagate or travel

• a medium

• ex. water waves (the ones you see with a pebble) require water to travel, waves on a rope need the rope to travel

what is the exception to the rule that a medium is required for propagation

• electromagnetic waves

transverse wave

• a wave vibrating at right angles to the direction of the propagation

• up and down

what relationship do frequency and wavelength hold

• an inverse relationship

longitudinal waves

• think slinky

• push it in and then it moves all the way out

• particles vibrate parallel to the direction of wave propagation

waves transport what from point A to B without actually moving the object

ENERGY

speech is composed of…

sound waves

what type of waves are sound waves?

• longitudinal waves

  • because sound waves are propagated in the same place as particle displacement and therefore makes a longitudinal wave

what happens in air before you make a sound

• particles are in random motion and are an average distance from one another

• then when you make a sound the waves hit each other and keep oscillating in place

simple wave

• one frequency only

• a pure tone

complex wave

• multiple frequencies

what displaces air molecules

• a vibration

in what way is the disturbance moving from the source

• away from the source

sound pressure waves (what happens in them)

• particles oscillate back and forth but don’t travel beyond their own area of disturbance

  • only the disturbance itself travels forward

what are water waves a combination of

• transverse and longitudinal waves

swing analogy: when the displacement is maximum (describe RF and I)

• restoring force

  • it is strong and pushing the swing back downward

• inertia

  • is at 0 as the swing stops and reverses

swing analogy: when the displacement is zero(describe RF and I)

• inertia

  • strong

  • the fastest movement occurs as the swing passes the rest position

• restoring force

  • 0 as the swing passes through the rest position

what is a pure tone an example of

• simple harmonic motion (SHM)

Why do vibrations occur? Which two forces?

• inertia and elasticity

tuning fork phases (elasticity, time, inertia directions)

• Time 1

  • at rest

• Time 2

  • inward displacement

    • force and elasticity

• Time 3

  • back to rest

    • Elasticity: down

    • Inertia: up

• Time 4

  • outward displacement

    • Elasticity: up

    • Inertia: down

• Time 5

  • back to rest

    • Elasticity: down

    • Inertia: up

• Time 6

  • inward displacement

    • Elasticity: up

    • Inertia: down

• Time 7

  • back to rest

    • Elasticity: down

    • Inertia: up

how many cycles are the tuning fork phases

1.5

Newton’s Inertia Law

• all bodies remain at rest or in a state of uniform motion unless another force acts in opposition

Inertia and Mass relationship

• directly proportional relationship

• the magnitude of inertia is directly proportional to the mass

mass is a measure of inertia

restoring force

• wants to push the object back into its rest position

inertia

• this carries the tines of a tuning fork past its rest position

another word for outward displacement

overshoot

SHM in tuning fork (description in words)

• elasticity allows displacement

• inertia carries the tines past the rest position and a restoring force builds up in another direction

• and then the fork is sent back to rest position

• and then overshoots again because of inertia

Restoring force and inertia relationship

• inverse

• when restoring force is strong, inertia is weak (max displacement)

• when restoring force is weak, inertia is strong (at rest position)

inertia wants to keep doing what its doing and elasticity wants to go back to its OG form

what sets the frequency?

the source

what results from SHM

pure tones

characteristics of SHM

• the pattern of vibration repeats itself

  • it is periodic

• each cycle takes the same amount of time

  • each period is consistent

• the frequency is constant

• it is a sine wave

compression

• condensation

• where the density of the air mass is increased

• high pressure

• peak/crest

rarefaction

• thining

• when the air mass density decreases

• low pressure

• trough

why do particles move about positions of equilibrium

• because of the opposing forces of inertia and elasticity that are keeping one from overpowering the other

what are waves carried by

a medium

Characteristics of a low frequency

• sounds are slow

• low pitch

frequency

• cycles of the waves

• how many times it moves in 1 sec

characteristics of a medium

• elasticity

  • how easily you can disturb it

  • how easy it is to speak through the air/medium

when we speak we put pressure into the air and disturb the medium

temperature and sound

• air particles move faster in higher temps and that means sound moves faster

speech = sounds waves = mechanic waves = longitudinal waves

waves only…

• transfer energy from place to place

• DON’T move the matter

wavelength

• length of one cycle

oscillation

• moving/rocking back and forth

what gets a wave started

• the source of the disturbance

what is the velocity at the rest position

• max

• because you fly by that point

what will more force do to oscillation

• it will be wider oscillation

  • if Dr. Loncke pushes Katherine harder she would make wider oscillations

what are waves composed of

• vibrations that move

• ex. the rope example and the faster you move it up and down the more vibrations and the shorter the waves

what can’t sound travel through

• a vacuum

displacement equals?

the amplitude

abduction

• vocal folds are open

• rest position

  • so you can breathe

what is amplitude of displacement is proportional to?

force applied

what are two forces opposing each other consistent with?

Newton’s third law of motion (there is an opposite and equal reaction for everything)

elasticity allows displacement but also generates a restoring force that stops the movement

Child on a swing

• the farther the child moves away the stronger the restoring force

• the child stops because of friction

by creating a force in our vocal folds the pressure can put the sound out

what is moving and not the actual particles?

THE WAVES

Resonance Characteristics of the vibrating object

• if you push harder the swing will go further

  • but if you want to see who will go faster they are going at the SAME SPEED