Chapter 9

Motivation

Psychological forces that determine the direction of a person's behavior, a person's level of effort and persistence 

Direction

Refers to the many personal behaviors a person can engage in 

Effort

Refers to how hard people work 

Persistence

Whether and when faced w/ obstacles if they keep trying or give up

Intrinsic

The source of motivation comes from within the person. Behavior that is performed for its own sake. Related to motivator needs 

• The motivation comes from doing the work itself 

• Jobs that are interesting / challenging are more likely to lead to intrinsic motivation 

Extrinsic

The source of motivation is from external punishment or rewards. Related to hygiene needs 

• Performed to gain material or social rewards 

• Motivation is the consequences of the behavior not the behavior itself 

Expectancy Theory

Proposes that motivation is high when workers believe that high levels of effort leads to high performance. And high performance leads to attaining desired outcomes.

If high efforts = high performance = leads to desired outcomes = then there's high motivation

3 Factors of Expectancy Theory

Expectancy

Instrumentality

Valence

Expectancy

A person's perception about the extent to which the effort will result in a certain level of performance 

People are motivated to invest effort if they think it will pay off in high performance

Instrumentality

A person's perception about the extent to which performance at a certain level will result in the attainment of outcomes 

Workers will perform at high level if they think it will lead to pay, job security, bonus or feeling of accomplishment 

Valence

how desirable each of the outcomes available from a job or organization is to a person

People desire the outcomes that result from high performance 

Need Theory

Says that people are motivated to obtain outcome at work that will satisfy their needs 

Need : Is a requirement or necessity for survival & well being 

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Proposes that all people seek 5 basic needs, once a need is satisfied it is a source of motivation. The lowest level of unsatisfied needs motivate behavior, once satisfied a person tries to satisfy the needs at the next level.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs factors

• Self Actualization 

  • Desire to become the most that one can be

• Esteem 

  • Respect, self esteem, status, recognition, strength, freedom 

• Love and belonging 

  • Friendship, intimacy, family, sense of connection 

• Safety needs 

  • Personal security, employment, resources health, property 

• Physiological needs

  • Air, water, food, shelter, sleep, clothing, reproduction

Herzberg's Motivator Hygiene Theory

Focus on two factors, Motivators that can lead to high levels of motivation/job satisfaction, and Hygiene that can prevent them from feeling satisfied 

Herzberg's Motivator Hygiene Theory ; Motivators

Factors that makes job more motivating, such as additional job responsibility, opportunities for growth, recognition and feelings of achievement 

Herzberg's Motivator Hygiene Theory ; Hygiene factors

Characteristics of the workplace, such as company policies, working conditions, pay, and supervision that can make people dissatisfied