Neurodevelopmental Disorders Flashcards

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts related to neurodevelopmental disorders based on lecture notes.

Neurodevelopmental Disorders (DSM-5)

A class of mental disorders that are associated with central nervous system dysfunction

Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder)

Replaces the term 'Mental Retardation' in the DSM-5 due to stigmatization; consistent with ICD-11.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

An omnibus category in DSM-5 encompassing various autism-related disorders.

Specific Learning Disorder

Replaces Learning Disorders in DSM-5; now a single disorder with coded specifiers.

Intellectual Disability Criteria A

Deficits in general mental abilities.

Intellectual Disability Criteria B

Impairment in everyday adaptive functioning compared to peers.

Intellectual Disability Criteria C

Onset in the developmental period.

Adaptive Functioning

How well an individual copes with common tasks of everyday life; includes communication, social participation, and functioning at home/school/work.

Conceptual (Academic) Domain

Involves memory, language, reading, writing, math reasoning, and problem-solving.

Social Domain

Involves awareness of others’ feelings, empathy, interpersonal communication skills, and social judgement.

Practical Domain

Learning and self-management across life settings, including personal care, job responsibilities, and money management.

Global Developmental Delay

Diagnosis criteria includes: under age five, failure to meet developmental milestones, and inability to undergo systematic assessments.

Unspecified Intellectual Disability

Used in persons over age five years who cannot be reliably assessed.

Down Syndrome

The most common chromosomal cause of mental retardation.

Fragile X Syndrome

The most common heritable form of intellectual disability.

Language Disorder

Persistent disturbance in the acquisition and use of spoken, written, or sign language.

Speech Sound Disorder

Persistent difficulties in speech production that are developmentally inappropriate.

Childhood Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)

Disturbance in speech fluency, including repeating syllables or words, prolonging sounds, or making pauses.

Social Pragmatic Communication Disorder

Deficits in using communication for social purposes, such as greeting and sharing information appropriately.

Autism Spectrum Disorder Criteria A

Persistent deficits in reciprocal social communication.

Autism Spectrum Disorder Criteria B

Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities.

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Manifested as wandering off task, lacking persistence, having difficulty sustaining focus, and being disorganized.

Hyperactivity

Excessive motor activity when it is not appropriate.

Impulsivity

Hasty actions that occur without forethought and have a high potential for harm.

Low Arousal Theory

In ADHD, the brains are under aroused and needs aid from stimulants to increase arousal.

Tonic Dopamine

Dopamine available in the synaptic cleft (normally enough for people without ADHD).

Phasic Dopamine

Short bursts (or release) of dopamine which is produced when doing things that stimulate an individual.

Specific Learning Disorder

Characterized by persistent difficulties in learning and using academic skills, with onset during the developmental period

Dyslexia

Impairment with Reading that may include word reading accuracy, reading rate fluency, and reading comprehension.

Dyscalculia

Impairment in Mathematics that may include number sense, memorization of arithmetic facts, accurate or fluent calculation, and accurate math reasoning.

Developmental Coordination Disorder

Characterized by deficits in the acquisition and execution of coordinated motor skills.

Stereotypic Movement Disorder

Repetitive, seemingly driven, and apparently purposeless motor behaviors.

Tic Disorders

Characterized by the presence of motor or vocal tics, which are sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic, stereotype motor movements or vocalizations

Tourette’s Disorder

The persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tic disorder