GENBIO2 PT

Histology

the study of tissues

Histopathology

study of diseases of the tissues

Microtome

an instrument used to cut tissues into ultra thin sections

Tissues

ensemble of cells not necessarily identical, but from the same origin, that carry out a common function

Cell Organization

cell, tissue, organ, organ system

Meristematic tissue

consists of cells that divides continuously in the life of the plant & found in the growing tips of the roots and stem

Apical meristem

present on root and shoot tips;
responsible for the growth of the root and shoot

Intercalary meristem

present on the leaf base and nodes;
responsible for the growth of the plant from leaf and node

Lateral meristem

present on the side of the stem and root;
responsible for the increase in diameter of stem and root

Permanent tissue

consists of cells with specialized structure and function that have lost their ability to divide further

Dermal or Surface Tissue

forms the protective covering of the plant body

Epidermis

produces cutin to protect plants against water loss;
produces root hairs for the absorption of water and minerals

Periderm

replaces the epidermis;
constitutes the corky outer bark of old trees

Fundamental or Ground Tissue

used in the production and storage of food in the support of plant; serves as a site for photosynthesis

Parenchyma

_____ on leaves functions for photosynthesis

Collenchyma

support of stems and adapt themselves to the rapid elongation of leaves

Sclerenchyma

provides elasticity, flexibility, and rigidity to the plant body

Xylem

a complex permanent tissue that functions for the transport of water and dissolved substances (minerals) upward in the plant body

Phloem

a complex permanent tissue that functions for the transport of organic materials such as carbohydrates and amino acids (water & food); two-way flow

Epithelial tissue

for the covering of all body surfaces, line body cavities and hollow organs, and are the major tissue in glands; protection by covering

Types of Epithelial tissue

squamous, cuboidal, columnar, striated squamous

Muscular tissue

composed of cells that have the special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of the body parts; movement & locomotion

Actin and Myosin

contractile proteins in muscle tissues

Smooth muscular tissue

has spindle-shaped, non-striated, and uninucleated fibers; occurs in walls of internal organs; is involuntary

Cardiac muscular tissue

has striated, branched, uninucleated fibers; occurs in walls of heart; is involuntary

Skeletal muscular tissue

has striated, tubular, multinucleated fibers; usually attached to skeleton; is voluntary

Connective tissue

most abundant, widespread, and varied of all tissue types in ghe body; has the widest variety of functions; binding, support, and transport

Types of Connective tissue

aerolar, supporting, adipose, skeletal, fluid

Types of Supporting Connective tissue

tendon and ligament

Types of Skeletal Connective tissue

bone and cartilage

Types of Fluid Connective Tissue

blood and lymph

Nervous tissue

specialized tissue found in the central and peripheral nervous system; responsible for the control of body and the communication among its parts; found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Neurons or Nerve Cells

cells in nervous tissue that generate and conduct impulses

Cell body

main part of neuron that carries on the general functions

Dendrites

extensions or processes of the cytoplasm that carry impulses to the cell body

Axon

extension of a neuron that carries impulses away from the cell body

Organismal Biology

the study of structure, morphology, function, development, behavior, and physiology of organisms

11 Organ Systems of the Body

Integumentary, Muscular, Skeletal, Circulatory, Nervous, Respiratory, Digestive, Excretory, Endocrine, Reproductive, Immune

Integumentary system

protects against injury, infection, and fluid loss; provides covering, protection structure, and support

Major structures of Integumentary system

skin, nails, hair

Muscular system

allows movement of limbs and trunk

Major structures of Muscular system

skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, smooth muscles

Skeletal system

interacts with skeletal muscles and provides framework of the body

Major structures of Skeletal system

bones and joints

Circulatory System

transports nutrients, gases, ions, hormones, and wastes

Major structures of Circulatory system

heart, blood vessels, blood, lymph nodes and vessels, lymph

Nervous system

regulates behavior, maintains homeostasis, regulates other organ systems, and controls sensory and motor functions

Major structures of Nervous system

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs

Respiratory system

moves air into and out of lungs and controls gas exchange between heart and lungs

Major structures of Respiratory system

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli

Digestive system

extracts and absorbs nutrients from food, remove solid wastes, and maintains water and chemical balances

Major structures of Digestive system

mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small and large intestines

Excretory system

removes wastes from blood and regulates concentration of body fluids

Major structures of Excretory system

kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters, urethra

Endocrine system

regulates body temperature, metabolism, development, and reproduction; maintains homeostasis; regulates the function of other organ systems

Major structures of Endocrine system

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, other endocrine glands

Reproductive system

produces gametes and offspring; allows the perpetuation of life

Major structures of Reproductive system

testes, penis, ovaries, uterus

Immune system

defends against pathogens and diseases

Major structures of Immune system

white blood cells, lymph nodes and vessels, skin

Reproduction

a biological process in which different organisms have the ability to produce another of their own kind

Asexual reproduction

type of reproduction whereby a single parent produces an offspring by cell division or without fusion of two gametes

Binary Fission

an individual divides into halves after which each grows to the original form

Budding

a parent organism produces offspring by growing a tiny replica of itself in the form of an outgrowth called a bud on some parts of its body

Fragmentation

separated species of the parent organisms can develop into an individual

Parthenogenesis

an egg develops into a complete individual without being fertilized

Sexual reproduction

a process in which new individuals are formed from sex cells or gametes produced by the parents in their sexual organs

Hermaphrodites

organisms that possess both male and female organs

Three Fundamental Steps in Sexual Reproduction

gametogenesis, spawning/mating, fertilization

Gametogenesis

production of gametes

Spawning or Mating

bringing gametes together

Fertilization

fusion of gametes

Dioecious

animals that have separate sexes

Sequential Hermaphroditism

sex reversal; individuals change their sex in response to social or environmental challenges

Protogyny

change from female to male

Protandry

change from male to female

Gonads

reproductive organs that produces sex cells or gametes

External fertilization

sexual reproduction that occurs outside the body; particular in aquatic animals; not practical for terrestrial animals because gametes dry out quickly when exposed to air

Internal fertilization

fertilization takes place inside the body of the female; in reptiles and mammals; higher forms of animals use this as their sexual organs are specialized for this purpose

Semen

a fluid containing sperm

Copulation

physical sexual union

Zygote

the fertilized egg; union of haploid sperm and the haploid eggs results in a single diploid cell

Methods of Internal fertilization

oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous

Oviparous

any animal that deposits its eggs in the external environment; most aquatic animals

Ovoviviparous

animals that retain their eggs in their bodies in some ways and release their young to fend themselves; garter snakes

Viviparous

the young develops inside the mother's belly until they are mature enough to be born alive and live independently; placental mammals

Placenta

a complex structure that temporarily nourishes the young with nutrients and helps in exchange if waste between the blood or the mother and the embryo

Nutrition

the process of providing or obtaining food necessary for health, survival, and growth of an organism

Nutrients

substances that provide energy for the organism's metabolic processes such as growth, maintenance, reproduction, and immunity

Autotrophs

self-feeders; can produce their own food

Heterotrophs

consume organic molecules from other organisms for nutrition

Dietary Categories

herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detritivores

Herbivores

exclusive to eating plants

Carnivores

exclusive to eating flesh

Omnivores

eat both plants and animals

Detritivores

obtain nutrients from decaying bodies of plants and animals

Digestive systems in animals

intracellular and extracellular digestion

Intracellular digestion

single-celled organisms process their food right inside their cells which happens inside the cells through food vacuoles

Phagocytosis

the amoeba engulfs their food in the form of bacteria, plant cells, and microscopic protozoa

Extracellular digestion

nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream after they have been broken down within a digestive cavity while wastes are excreted out