HS-201 Exam 2

5 desired plant features

Flowers, foliage, fruit, bark, architecture

5 Plant aesthetics

Size, form, habit, growth rate, longevity

Invasive Plant

A plant species that has or is likely to develop self-sustaining populations, and become dominate or disruptive and interfere with ecosystem function and biodiversity.

Weedy Plant

A plant, native or non-native, that typically can propagate readily (asexually or sexually), has vigorous growth, and can thrive in most any growing condition (soil, sun/shade, etc.)

Functions of roots

absorption, anchorage (support), accomodation (storage)

where are roots found?

found mostly in the upper 6-12 inches of soil! (that’s where the oxygen is!!!)

The two root types

Primary root and secondary root

primary root

First root to emerge from the germinating seed

secondary root

Any root that grows from a primary and/or another secondary root

root system types

fiberous and tap root

fiberous root system

Occupies large volume of shallow soil, thin with many branches

tap root system

A large swollen primary root with lots of storage potential. The further they go down, the stronger the plant

all tap roots are primary or secondary?

primary

most famous tap root

carrot

root hairs

extensions of outer root cell, not a cell itself

where are root hairs produced?

just behind the root tip

where do you NOT see root hairs?

at the very bottom

root SUB-types

tuberous, adventitious, contractile, aerial

tuberous roots

large swollen SECONDARY root

example of a tuberous root

sweet potato, dahlia

adventitious roots

roots that form on parts of the plant that do not formally form roots such as leaves and stem

contractile roots

pulls bulbs deeper into ground

two types of plants with aerial roots

epiphytes, parasitic plants

epiphytes

plants with aerial roots that live ON other plants

parasitic plants

plants with aerial roots that live OFF OF other plants

examples of epiphytes

orchids and bromeliads

example of parasitic plant

mistletoe

functions of stems

storage, transportation, support, bears flowers and fruit, food

three parts of a stem

nodes, internodes, buds

nodes

place on a stem where buds/leaves are formed

internodes

space on stem between nodes

buds

undeveloped shoot or flower

difference between flower buds and vegetative buds

size!

three types of bud/leaf arrangement

alternate, opposite, whorled

alternate buds

one bud/leaf PER node (alternating leaves)

example of alternate buds

Genus Quercus (oaks)

opposite buds

two buds/leaves PER node (two side-by-side)

examples of opposite buds

Genus Acer (maples)

whorled buds

three or more buds/leaves PER NODE (like a peace sign)

example of whorled buds

Nerium oleander

types of prostrate stems

stolon and rhizome

stolon stems

prostrate stem that runs above/on the ground and produces a plantlet at the tip

examples of stolon stems

strawberries, spider plants

rhizome stems

Prostrate stem that runs BELOW ground and produces a plantlet at the tip

examples of rhizome stems

bamboo, bermuda grass

what do stems have that roots do not?

NODES!

how do irish and sweet potatoes differ?

irish potatoes have modified stem called TUBER, sweet potatoes have modified roots called TUBEROUS ROOTS

Functions of Leaves

Food production, storage, ornament (beauty), culinary, medicinal

Three parts of a leaf

Petiole, blade, stipule

Petiole of a leaf

stalk of a leaf

Blade of a leaf

broad expanded part of leaf

Stipule of a leaf

small leaf-life appendage at base of leaf

Three types of leaf arrangements

Alternate, opposite, and whorled

How to find the leaf?

Look for the BUD

Two main leaf types

Simple and compound

Simple Leaves

uninterrupted leaf blade

Compound Leaves

interrupted/divided leaf blade

example of a compound leaf

poison ivy

why do leaves have specialized structures?

to better help the plant survive in alternate conditions

types of specialized leaf structures

cladophylls and spines

cladophylls

modified stems that resemble and function as a leaf

spines

modified leaves, leaves that are not leaf shaped

example of spines

cacti

four main parts of leaf structure

epidermis, stomates, trichomes, palisade layers, spongy mesophyll

epidermis

regulates the loss of gases, water, and protects internal constituents of leaves

specialized epidermal cells

guard cells, cuticles

epidermal guard cells

regulates water loss and carbon dioxide

epidermal cuticles

waxy coating on epidermis, seals cracks between epidermal cells, regulates gas and water loss

are stomates on top or bottom of leaf?

BOTTOM!!!

trichomes

hairs on plants

example of plant trichomes

marijuana

what do hairs do for leaves?

protection from temps and maintains hydration, protection from predation

palisade layer

just under the epidermis; tightly packed chloroplasts, site of photosynthesis

spongy mesophyll

between palisade and lower epidermis; loosely packed cells with air space between

flower parts

petals (corolla), sepals (calyx), pistils, stamen, bract

petal (corolla)

pigmented structure to attract pollinators

example of flowers with bright petals

poppies

sepals (calyx)

protective covering during bud stage (before flowers open)

pistil

female reproductive organ (ovaries)

parts of a pistil

stigma (tip), style (mid), ovary (base)

stamen

male reproductive organ (pollen)

bract

a leaf-like structure at the base of a flower

examples of iconic bracts

dogwoods, poinsettias

bisexual or perfect flowers

flowers with pistils and stamens

pistillate flowers

flowers with pistils but NO stamens

staminate flowers

flowers with stamens but NO pistils

examples of bisexual or perfect flowers

begonia semperflorens, corn!!!!!!!

flowers that have all 4 classic parts (petals, sepals, pistils, stamens)

complete

flowers missing one or more of the 4 classic parts

incomplete

flowers which have both sexual parts

perfect

example of a perfect flower with both sexual parts

lillies

flowers missing a sexual part

imperfect

monoecious flowers

pistillate and staminate flowers are separated BUT on SAME plant

dioecious flowers

pistillate and staminate flowers are separated BUT on DIFFERENT plants

emasculation

removal of anthers to add pollen that you want to add, how plant breeders determine who father is going to be

flower arrangements

single, inflorescence

single flower arrangement

one flower borne per stem

examples of single flowers

pansies, roses

inflorescence

many flowers grouped together on one stem

pollination

pollen lands on the stigma and is accepted (THE ACT)