Chapter 11 SOCL120 OER WITH WORKBOOK

Agricultural societies

a form of society which relies on plow and wheel technologies to increase food production

Alienation

Marx argued industrial societies are characterized by alienated labor, where workers find no power, purpose or pleasure in their work

Authoritarianism

political systems in which an individual or a group of individuals holds power, restricts or prohibits popular participation in governance, and represses dissent

Authority

is power that is approved by a society and considered legitimate

Autocracies

systems of government in which power is held by one person, whose decisions are not subject to oversight

Capitalism

an economic system in which there is private ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of profit, competition for profit, and the lack of government intervention in the market (which determines prices)

Charismatic authority

power based on an individual's extraordinary personal qualities

Civil war

armed conflict between factions within the same nation

Coercion

power that is not considered to be legitimately exercised, and involves the use of force or threats

Democracy

political system in which citizens govern themselves

Direct democracies

people make their own decisions about the policies and distribution of resources that affect them directly

Division of labor

a specialization of work that was a consequence of industrialization

Economy

social institution that organizes the production, distribution, and consumption of a society's goods and services

Equilibrium theory

theory of social change in which it is argued that changes within one social institution cause changes in other social institutions until order is restored

Foraging societies

a form of society in with food is acquired by foraging, scavenging and hunting

Genocide

a pattern of intergroup relations in which members of a dominant group kills members of a minority group en masse

Globalization

the process of integrating governments, cultures, and financial markets through international trade into a single world market

Global assembly lines

products assembled over the course of several international transactions

Government

the group of persons who direct the political affairs of a state, but it can also mean the type of rule by which a state is run — a political system

Horticultural societies

a form of society in which members use rudimentary hand tools to grow a few specific crops in one location until the soil nutrients are depleted

Industrial societies

a form of society which uses machines and factories as the primary mode of production

Insurgent terrorism

violence committed by private citizens against their own government or against businesses and institutions

Interlocking directorates

the practice of members of boards of directors serving on the boards of multiple corporations

International war

armed conflict between nations

Laissez-faire capitalism

a capitalist economic system in which there is absolutely no government intervention (laissez-faire "means leave is alone" or "hands off" in French)

Monarchy

political system in which power resides in a single family that rules from one generation to the next generation

Monopolies

the total (or almost) control of the supply or trade of a good or service

Multinational Corporations

a corporation that has business operations in two or more countries

Oligarchy

a system of government in which a small group of people rule

Pastoral societies

a form of society in which members herd a specific species of domesticated animal for the purpose of milk and meat as food sources

Pluralist theory

functionalist theory that views political power in the United States and other democracies as dispersed among several "veto groups" that compete in the political process for resources and influence

Political alienation

a lack of faith that political participation makes any difference and that the government can be helpful

Political ideology

a set of views, usually centered on social and economic issues, that guides your political thinking

Political party

an organization that supports particular political positions and tries to elect candidates to office to represent those positions

Political system

the type of rule by which a state is run

Politics

the distribution and exercise of power within a society

Polity

the political institution through which power is distributed and exercised

Postindustrial society

a form of society which relies on service jobs and information technology

Power

the ability to have one's will carried out despite the resistance of others

Power elite

(Conflict theory - proposed by Mills) concentrated societal power is composed of government, big business, and the military, which together constitute a ruling class that controls society and works for its own interests, not for the interests of the citizenry

Primary sector (of the economy)

part of the economy that takes and uses raw materials directly from the natural environment

Rational-legal authority

power based written rules (e.g., laws)

Representative democracies

people elect officials to represent them in legislative votes on matters affecting the population

Routinization of charisma

the transformation of charismatic authority into tradition authority or rational legal authority

Ruling class

(Conflict theory-proposed by Domhoff) is composed of the richest 0.5% to 1% of the population, who control more than half the nation's wealth, sit on the boards of directors just mentioned, and are members of the same social clubs and other voluntary organizations

Secondary sector (of the economy)

transforms raw materials into finished products and is essentially the manufacturing industry

Social democracies

Some nations combine elements of both capitalism and socialism and are called social democracies, while their combination of capitalism and socialism is called democratic socialism

Social institutions

the patterns of beliefs, behaviors and organized means by which a society meets its basic needs

Socialism

an economic system in which the means of production are publicly owned, it is not motivated by profit, and the government (or a central planning committee) sets prices

State

political unit within which power and authority reside

State terrorism

violence by a government that is meant to frighten and or repress its own citizens

Terrorism

use of unexpected violence to intimidate or coerce people in the pursuit of political or social objectives

Tertiary sector (of the economy)

part of the economy that provides services rather than products

Totalitarianism

political systems that include all the features of authoritarianism but are even more repressive as they try to regulate and control all aspects of citizens' lives and fortunes

Traditional authority

power that is rooted in traditional

Transnational terrorism

violence committed by the citizens of one nation against targets in another nation

Vigilante terrorism

violence committed by private citizens against other private citizens

Voter apathy

a lack of faith that voting makes any difference and that government can be helpful (often called political alienation)

War

when two or more factions engage in armed conflict