AP Bio 1.1-1.7

polarity

separation of an electrical charge leading to a positive and negative end

hydrogen bond

weak bond interaction between the negative and positive regions of two separate molecules, formed when hydrogen is covalently bonded to a highly electronegative element (F, O, N)

cohesion

tendency of molecules of the same substance to stick together

adhesion

tendency of molecules of different substances to stick together

surface tension

the property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of its molecules

heat capacity

amount of heat needed to raise one gram of a substance by 1 C

density

the amount of mass per unit volume

properties of water that make it important for life

good solvent, ability to moderate temperature, cohesive behavior, ice floats on water,

macromolecule

large organic molecule essential for life, made up of monomers, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

carbon

used to build all macromolecules and can form four covalent bonds, allowing it to serve as a backbone for large and complex molecules

nitrogen

used in proteins and nucleic acids

phosphorus

used in nucleic acids and certain lipids

sulfur

used in some proteins

hydrocarbons

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

isomers

compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but with different structures and properties

monomer

chemical subunits used to create polymers

polymer

a molecule made up of multiple monomers

dehydration synthesis

the reaction used to create macromolecules by removing water molecule subcomponents from monomers in order to join them together

hydrolysis

reaction where polymers/macromolecules are hydrolyzed into monomers by adding a water molecule to break the covalent bonds

covalent bonds

a chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms

carbohydrate

a sugar or its polymers, made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; used for energy and structure; can be branched or linear

monosaccharides

monomers of carbohydrates (simple carbohydrates/simple sugars)

polysaccharides

polymers of carbohydrates (complex carbohydrates)

dissacharides

two monosaccharides joined together

glycogen

main storage form of glucose in animals

cellulose

structural component in plant cell walls

amylopectin

component of starch in plants with a branched structure

amylose

component of starch in plants with long, unbranched chains

glycosidic linkage

covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

assymetric carbon

a carbon atom joined to four different other atoms

lipid

nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules used for energy storage, cell/plasma membranes, insulation in mammals, and certain hormones

ester bond

the bond formed when fatty acid molecules are joined to glycerol molecules

saturated

only single bonds between carbon atoms, allowing saturated lipids to pack together, usually leading to it being solid at room temperature

unsaturated

at least one double bond between carbon atoms, leading to kinks that prevent it from packing together, usually leading to it being liquid at room temperature

fats/triglycerides

lipids made out of three fatty acids connected to one glycerol that provide energy storage and insulation

steroids

lipids made out of four fused carbon skeleton rings and various chemical groups that are used as hormones that support growth, development, energy, metabolism, and homeostasis

phospholipids

a lipid made out of two fatty acids and a phosphate group connected to one glycerol that forms the lipid bilayer in plasma and cell membranes since they have a hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head

nucleic acid

a macromolecule containing the genetic information for life

nucleotide

the monomer of nucleic acids consisting of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base

5' end

the end of a DNA/RNA molecule where the 5th carbon has a phosphate group

3' end

the end of a DNA/RNA molecule where the 3rd carbon has a hydroxyl group

sugar-phosphate backbone

the backbone of nucleic acids made up of the five-carbon sugar and phosphate group

deoxyribose

the sugar in DNA

ribose

the sugar in RNA

uracil

a nitrogenous base used only in RNA

thymine

a nitrogenous base used only in DNA

antiparallel

strands of DNA run in opposite directions (5'-3')

protein

a macromolecule made up of amino acids that can have many uses (enzymes, storage, hormones, motor functions, immune defense, transport, receptors, and structure) depending on the sequence of amino acids

amino acids

the monomers of proteins with a central/alpha carbon atoms with a carboxyl group, amino group, and specific R-group

peptide bond

a strong covalent bond that holds together amino acids in proteins

carboxyl group

A -COOH group found on amino acids that is acidic

amino group

A -NH2 group found on amino acids that is basic

peptide chain

a chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

R-group

unique chemical group attached to the alpha carbon that determines the amino acid's properties, such as polarity, electrical charge, size, etc

hydrophobic

afraid of water-tends to move away from water; hydrophobic amino acids will tend to group in the center of a protein if surrounded by water

hydrophilic

loves water-tends to move towards water; hydrophilic amino acids will tend to move outwards from the protein of a protein if surrounded by water

primary structure

the sequence of amino acids

secondary structure

local folding of the peptide chain creating alpha helixes, beta sheets, etc; caused by hydrogen bonding between polar amino acids

tertiary structures

the overall 3D shape of the protein that tends to minizmize free energy; caused due to hydrogen bonding, hydrophic interactions, ionic interactions, or disulfide bridges

quaternary structure

arises from interactions between multiple polypeptide units