exam 1

2007 United Nations Treaty

International agreement made in 2007 by the United Nations

Adaptational failure

the failure to master or progress in accomplishing developmental milestones

• rarely due to a single cause

• differ from children their own age in some aspect of development

Adultomorphism

Attributing adult characteristics to children

Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA)

• examines the relationships between behavior and its antecedents and consequences, which is known as a functional approach to behavior

• Positive and negative reinforcement are any actions that increase the target response

• extinction and punishment decrease a response

  • behaviorism (operant + classical conditioning)

  • ABC’s

Attachment theories and styles

emphasize that the quality of children’s attachment to parents will determine their eventual identification with parental values, beliefs, and standards.

• secure,

Atypical development

Development that deviates from the norm

Amygdala

Part of the brain involved in emotion processing

Basal ganglia

Group of structures in the brain involved in movement and reward

Behavioral genetics

a branch of genetics that investigates possible connections between a genetic predisposition and observed behavior, taking into account environmental and genetic influences

Behavioral treatment

Therapeutic approach that focuses on modifying behavior

Behaviorism

Psychological approach that emphasizes observable behavior

• skinner

• schools of thought: operant and classical conditioning

Bronfenbrenner's ecological system theory

Theory that explains development in terms of environmental systems

• risks occur at multiple ecological levels

Biological/medical treatment

Therapeutic approach that involves medication or medical procedures

Biopsychosocial model

Brain structure and function

Classical conditioning

• pavlov

  • dog + bell, bell rings —> food

• paired associations with a neutral stimulus

Comorbidity

Presence of multiple disorders or conditions in an individual

Competence

The ability to use internal and external resources to adapt to one’s environment.

• Children’s competence involves their performance relative to their same-age peers as well as their individual course of development.

Continuity

Concept that development is a gradual and continuous process

Cultural beliefs and values

Ideas and principles that are shared by a particular group

Defining psychological disorder

Process of determining what constitutes abnormal behavior

Developmental norms

Typical patterns of development at different ages

Developmental pathways

Different routes or trajectories of development

Developmental psychopathology

abnormal development is determined by comparing and contracting symptoms and behaviors with typical development and normal developmental processes

• emphasizes developmental processes, context, influence of multiple and interacting events

Developmental tasks

developmental challenges that must be mastered by children in different age groups

Developmental continuity

Concept that development is a cumulative process

Discontinuity

Concept that development occurs in distinct stages

Distress

Emotional or psychological discomfort

Emotion reactivity

Individual differences in emotional response to stimuli

Emotion regulation

Ability to control and manage one's emotions

Epigenetics

Study of how gene expression is influenced by environmental factors

• changes in gene expression result from alterations in gene structure linked to environmental influences

Equifinality

the same clinical disorder may reflect different developmental pathways

• similar outcomes stem from different early experiences and developmental pathways

• multiple factors can lead to one outcome

Etiology

the causes of psychopathology or disorders of any sort

Family systems

Approach that views the family as a complex system

Gender differences in disorders

male

• neurodevelopmental impairment + externalizing problems

  • ASD

  • ADHD

  • childhood-onset schizophrenia

  • conduct problems

females

• emotional disorders + internalizing problems

  • depression

  • eating disorders

History of mental health views and key historical figures

Study of the evolution of ideas about mental health and influential individuals

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

Neuroendocrine system involved in stress response

Hypothalamus

Part of the brain involved in regulating basic functions

Internalizing and externalizing problems

Categories of behavioral and emotional difficulties

Irritability

Tendency to become easily annoyed or angered

Behavioral Inhibition/Fearful

Temperamental trait characterized by shyness and avoidance

Key factors that affect rates and expression of mental disorders

Factors that influence the occurrence and manifestation of mental disorders

Language development

Acquisition and use of language skills

Limbic system

affective processing

• hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, amygdala

  • emotion processing + regulation

  • memory

  • fear extinction

  • learning

  • impulse control

  • hunger, sleep, sexual drive

Medical model

Approach that views mental disorders as medical conditions

Molecular genetics

Study of the role of specific genes in behavior and development

Multifinality

diverse clinical disorders may reflect many common risk factors

various outcomes may stem from similar beginnings (in this case, child maltreatment)

• one factor thing leads to multiple things

Multiply determined

Result of multiple factors influencing a particular outcome

Neural plasticity and development

Ability of the brain to change and adapt over time

Negative affect

Tendency to experience negative emotions

Neurotransmitters implicated in psychological disorders

Chemicals in the brain that are involved in the development of disorders

Operant conditioning

• b.f skinner

  • box + mice

• reward and punishment

Organization of development

Patterns and structures that shape the course of development

Protective factors

any attributes of individuals, environments, or events that temper predictions of psychopathologies based on exposure to risk

• operate only in context of risk

Pruning

Process of eliminating unused neural connections

Psychoanalytic theory

Psychological approach that emphasizes the role of unconscious processes

Poverty

Lack of material resources and opportunities

Resilience

individuals display adequate competence despite exposure to adversity or trauma

• a dynamic process

• the individual, family, and school and community can contribute to resilience

ex) mn doctor

Risk factors

any preexisting factor that increases the chance that a child will develop behavior/emotional problems

• biological

• dispositional/psychological

• learning

• social/ecological

biological risk factors

• genetic influence

• prenatal influence (teratogens)

• neurobiological influence (ab. in brain structure)

• perinatal insults (LBW, anoxia, preterm)

• sleep (deprivation)

dispositional risk factors

• “difficult” temperament

• negative self-evaluation

• poor self-regulation

• deficient or deviant social cognition

• low intelligence

learning risk factors

behavioral

• classic conditioning

• instrumental (operant) conditioning

• social learning

social/ecological risk factors

• maltreatmnet

• poverty

• family adversity

• exposure to community/political violence

• poor peer relations

• racial/ethnic discrimination

Sensitive periods

Periods of time when the brain is particularly responsive to certain experiences

Shared and non-shared environmental influences

Effects of the environment that are shared or unique to individuals

Stage of development

Period of life characterized by certain tasks and challenges

Social cognition

Thought processes and understanding of social situations

Social learning

Learning through observing and imitating others

Temperament

Innate behavioral and emotional characteristics

Teratogens

Substances or factors that can cause birth defects

Transactional model

Concept that development is influenced by ongoing interactions between individuals and their environment

Vulnerability

Susceptibility to developing a disorder

any factor that intensifies the effects of risk

• operate only in context of risk

Analogue research

Research method that simulates real-world situations in a controlled setting

Behavior analysis or functional analysis of behavior

Approach that examines the relationship between behavior and its consequences

Behavioral assessment (ABC's)

Process of observing and recording behavior in specific situations

Case studies

In-depth examination of a single individual or group

Checklist and rating scales

Tools used to assess and measure behavior or symptoms

Consent/Assent

Permission given by an individual or their legal guardian to participate in research or treatment

Correlation coefficient

a statistical value that describes how strongly variables (events/characteristics) are related

Cohort effect

Impact of being born in a particular time period or generation

Correlational studies

Research method that examines the relationship between two or more variables

Cross-sectional research

Research method that compares different groups at the same point in time

Epidemiological research

Study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events

Experimental studies

Research method that involves manipulating variables to determine cause and effect

Ethical issues

Concerns related to the moral principles and conduct of research or treatment

Hypotheses

statement or proposition that is an effort to explain, predict, or explore something

Longitudinal research

Research method that follows individuals over an extended period of time

Mediating variables

Variables that explain the relationship between two other variables

Moderating variables

Variables that influence the strength or direction of a relationship

Multiple-baseline design

Research design that involves staggered introduction of an intervention

Natural experiment

Research method that takes advantage of naturally occurring events or conditions

Naturalistic observation

Observation of behavior in natural settings without intervention

Neuroimaging

Techniques used to visualize and study the brain

Operational definition

Clear and specific definition of a variable or behavior

Prevalence vs incidence rates

Measures of the frequency of a disorder in a population

Prospective design

Research design that follows individuals over time to observe outcomes

Reliability

Consistency or dependability of a measure

Qualitative research

Research method that focuses on understanding experiences and meanings

Random assignment

Process of assigning participants to different groups by chance

Randomized controlled trials

Research method that involves randomly assigning participants to different treatment conditions