(Stolen) -Audie- Jack Midterm Biology
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168 Terms
What two things is food important for? Separate your answers with a comma!
energy, raw materials
What is the most crucial and important food in the universe?
glucose
What are organisms known as that produce their own food?
autotrophs
What are organisms known as that must utilize pre-made glucose?
heterotrophs
What causes a dissipative structure to form?
continuous flow of energy and material
What is the definition of energy?
the capacity to do work
What is a calorie? (Lowercase 'c')
amount of energy required to raise one gram of water by one degree celsius
What is a kilocalorie? Enter a number then word!
1000 calories
What is a Calorie? (Uppercase 'C')
1000 calories
What is kinetic energy?
energy of motion
What is potential energy?
energy of position
What type of energy is represented by a chemical bond?
potential energy
What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?
energy can neither be created nor destroyed
What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
energy cannot be transferred with 100% efficiency
How efficient is a car engine? What percent of energy is lost to heat? Separate answers with a comma and type a %!
30%, 70%
How efficient is a living cell? What percent of energy is lost to heat? Separate answers with a comma and type a %!
40%, 60%
What is Gibbs free energy?
amount of energy changed in a reaction
What is metabolism?
chemical events taking place in a cell
What are the two types of metabolism?
catabolic and anabolic
What is a primary form of a catabolic reaction?
decomposition
What type of energy is represented by breaking a chemical bond?
kinetic energy
What is a primary form of an anabolic reaction?
synthesis
What happens to energy in an exergonic reaction?
energy is released
What happens to energy in an endergonic reaction?
energy is stored
What sign is the delta G (Gibbs free energy) of an exergonic reaction?
negative
What sign is the delta G (Gibbs free energy) of an endergonic reaction?
positive
Which one has a higher position in the reactants: endergonic or exergonic?
exergonic
Which one has a higher position in the products: endergonic or exergonic?
endergonic
What does delta G represent?
change in energy
Where do spontaneous reactions take place?
in nature
Is nature more inclined to go downhill or uphill?
downhill
What is energy coupling?
when an exergonic reaction fuels an endergonic reaction
What is the net delta G of one mole of glucose?
-423
What is the net delta G of one mole of ATP?
-7.3
Why is the third phosphate in ATP so important?
It requires a lot of energy to bond, releasing lots of energy when broken
What kind of energy source is ATP?
immediate
ATP is much more efficient as if a reaction requires 3.2, burning one ATP can get the job done much more efficient than one glucose. (True/False)
true
Why does life need to be in a constant state of gradients?
equilibrium means death, no delta G to use
What is a closed system?
a system that can find equilibrium
What is an open system?
a system that always has a gradient
What is activation energy?
energy required to start a reaction
Does the reaction proceed faster or slower with a "bigger hump" in activation energy?
slower
Are carbon-based reactions fast or slow?
slow
Why isn't heat used to catalyze reactions?
it denatures proteins
What are enzymes?
proteins that catalyze specific reactions
How do enzymes affect the activation energy?
enzymes lower activation energy
Where do the reactions take place in an enzyme?
the active site
What are the reactants known as in an enzymatic reaction?
substrate
What is released at the end of an enzymatic reaction?
product
What suffix indicates that the protein is an enzyme? Answer starting with a hyphen!
-ase
What does sucrase break down?
sucrose
What two factors denature enzymes? Separate answers with a comma!
pH, temperature
What is negative feedback inhibition?
when a process inhibits the process that made it
Where does a product bind to in negative feedback inhibition?
the allosteric site
Why does the enzyme process stop when the product binds to the allosteric site?
it blocks the active site
Once product is bound to the allosteric site, it is stuck and cannot leave. (True/False)
false
What is enzyme phosphorylation?
inactive enzymes activate when a phosphate group is added
When the phosphate group is removed during enzyme phosphorylation, what happens?
the enzyme stops
What is competitive inhibition?
an inhibitor binds to the active site, blocking production
What is noncompetitive inhibition?
an inhibitor binds to allosteric site, altering enzyme's shape
What is the relationship between photosynthesis and aerobic cellular respiration?
photosynthesis fuels glucose for aerobic cellular respiration
What is the goal of aerobic cellular respiration?
to break down glucose and get ATP
How many total ATP are produced during aerobic cellular respiration? Don't type ATP at the end!
36
List the four steps of aerobic cellular respiration in order. Separate answers with commas!
glycloysis, transition reaction, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
Where does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
Which organelle does the transition reaction take place? Which part? Separate answers with a comma!
mitochondria, matrix
Which organelle does the citric acid cycle take place? Which part? Separate answers with a comma!
mitochondria, matrix
Which organelle does the electron transport chain take place? Which part? Separate answers with a comma!
mitochondria, inner membrane
List three primary structural features of a mitochondria in a eukaryotic cell. Separate answers with a comma!
double-membrane, matrix, cristae
What is the cristae in the mitochondria?
folds of inner membrane
What is the matrix of the mitochondria?
interior of inner membrane folds
What happens to the six carbons in glucose during glycolysis?
they break down in half
How many ATP form during glycolysis? Don't type ATP at the end!
2
What happens to the hydrogen ions during glycolysis?
they are set loose
What happens to the electrons during glycolysis?
they are picked up by electron carriers
What are the products of glycolysis not counting ATP? Type a number, not a word.
2 pyruvic acids
What is a common electron carrier?
NADH
What are the products of the transition reaction? Separate answers with a comma!
2 Acetyl-CoA, 2 CO2
How many ATP are produced in the transition reaction? Don't type ATP at the end!
0
What are the products of the citric acid cycle? Separate answers with a comma!
2 CoA, 4 CO2
How many ATP are produced from the citric acid cycle? Don't type ATP at the end!
2
How many hydrogen ions arrive during the electron transport chain?
12
What do the electron carriers do with their electrons once they reach the inner membrane of the mitochondria?
kick them into embedded protein pumps
Where does oxygen come in during the electron transport chain?
at the final electron acceptor
What role does oxygen play in the electron transport chain?
oxygen forms polar covalent bonds with the hydrogen ions, forming water
How does ATP synthase and the protein pumps work together?
the pumps pump out the hydrogen ions and they come back in through ATP synthase, spinning it to form ATP
How many ATP are produced by the electron transport chain? Don't type ATP at the end!
32
Why do some bacteria use sulfur in the electron transport chain?
to substitute oxygen
What's the difference between aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration?
aerobic uses oxygen, while anaerobic does not
Anaerobic respiration is the way metabolism in life began. (True/False)
true
What is the first step of anaerobic cellular respiration?
glycolysis
Why is anaerobic cellular respiration inefficient?
it only produces 2 ATP
What happens during fermentation?
the electron carrier puts its electron on the pyruvic acid, freeing up room for another electron
Does energy form during fermentation? (Yes/No)
no
What is the product of fermenation?
2 lactic acid
What does fermentation enable the cell to do?
perform glycolysis again
What are the waste products of anaerobic metabolism in fungi? Separate answers with a comma!
2 ethanol, 2 CO2
What is the waste product of anaerobic metabolism in bacteria and humans?
2 lactic acid
Why is Saccharomyces cerevisiae important?
fermentation can create yeast and alchohol
What types of organisms can perform photosynthesis?
autotrophs