TEST 2 - THE GILDED AGE AND PROGRESSIVISM TO 1902

James Garfield

- 20th president of the United States
- advocated for agricultural technology, an educated electorate, and civil rights for African Americans
- was assassinated 6 months after entering office
- people pleaser
- assassinated because the assassin wanted Arthur (who is a stalwart) to become president

Chester Arthur

- 21st president of the United States
- sworn into office after the assassination of James Garfield
- made cabinet appointments based on merit and not partisanship

Grover Cleveland

- 22nd president of the United States
- known for his fiscal conservatism
- governor of NY
- supported civil service reform
- democrat

Stalwarts and Half-Breeds

- During the presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes, the republican party split into two
- one side was referred to as the "Radical Republicans", they did not support the newer, more liberal laws that other Republicans believed in
- the other side were sometimes referred to as only half Republican for their liberal stance in certain matters

Pendleton Civil Service Act

- set up the civil service commission and created a system by which applicants for classified federal jobs would be selected on the basis of their scores on a competitive examination
- also prohibited civil servants from making political contributions

Tammany Hall

- political machine based in New York
- led by William Marcy Tweed
- very corrupt, took lots of money from people's bribes and city funds
- although there are negatives, they helped stabilize the immigrant community in the area

William Marcy Tweed Ring

- very corrupt
- had powerful connections
- director of sanitation in NY
- many people worked for him
- had control over the city

Sand Creek Massacre

- after miners started moving to Colorado, hostile Native Americans killed a white family
- US government decided to take action and kill all the hostile Native Americans, but to save all the "peaceful" Native Americans, they gave them a safe place for shelter
- "peaceful" Native Americans : mainly women, children, and elderly
- promised safety there, but 700 untrained men killed 165 peaceful Natives
- this massacre sparked the many Native American and US government wars over the next three years

Wounded Knee Massacre

- a last resort for Native Americans to resist government control was the Ghost Dance Movement
- while the government was trying to suppress this movement, the famous Sioux medicine man, Sitting Bull, was killed during his arrest
- December 1890: US army gunned down at least 200 Native American people in the Dakotas
- this event marked the end of the Native American wars on the prairie

The Little Big Horn

- a battle between Native Americans and the US government
- led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse, they ambushed and destroyed Colonel George Custer's command in 1876

Dawes Severalty Act

- new phase for relationship between Native Americans and the US government in 1887
- this act was designed to break up tribal relationships, which many people in the US government viewed that it kept Native Americans from being "civilized"

Oliver Kelly

- department of agriculture
- very sympathetic towards farmers and the struggles they went through
- created the grange/farmer's alliance as a kind of support group for these farmers

The Grange/Farmer's Alliance

- starts out as a kind of support group for the farmers
- they discuss social and economic ideas for farmers
- turns into a political organization representing these farmers

Populist Party

- the people's party
- focused on the needs of the common worker
- endorsed 8 hour workdays and laws restricting immigrants in the fear that immigrants were taking away American jobs
- supported the unlimited coinage of silver
- progressive income tax

Omaha Platform

- demanded an increase in the power of common voters through
- direct popular election of US senators
- use of initiatives and referendums
- advocated unlimited coinage of silver to increase money supply
- graduated income tax
- government ownership of railroads, telegraph lines, and telephone systems

Bi-Metallic Standard

- it allows countries to keep a large reserve of precious metals
- first used in the US in 1792 as a way to control the value of money
- ex. 18th century: 1 ounce of gold is equal to 15 ounces of silver
- unlimited coinage of silver, was supported by democrats

Gold Standard

- monetary system only based off of a certain amount of gold
- was supported by Republicans
- limited money in circulation

Greenbacks

paper currency issued during the civil war to help pay for the war

Mary Elizabeth Lease

- gets farmers and women involved in politics
- affiliated with the peoples party
- raises less corn and more hell

William Jennings Bryan

- democratic congressman and former secretary of state during Woodrow Wilson's first term
- runs as a presidential candidate during the election of 1896 through the populist party

"Cross of Gold" Speech

- speech made by William Jennings Bryan
- he compares himself with Jesus Christ and the Populist party as His followers
- "We will answer these demands for a gold standard by saying to them: 'You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold'
- this is the speech that kickstarted Bryan's campaign

Munn V Illinois

- Grange persuaded state legislature to pass "Granger Laws" that would regulate prices charged by railroads and grain houses
- railroad and warehouse owners did not approve of this
- rare instance that we see where the government sided with farmers
- based off of this, Illinois hoped that they could do this in other states
- supreme court ruled that they COULD control the prices
- this ruling is brought up in Wabash V Illinois

Wabash V Illinois

- only congress can regulate industries involved in interstate commerce
- led to the creation of the ICC

Tying

- if a store is selling 2 different brands of Kerosine, the business owner would request for the store owner to not sell the competitor's oil
- most people agreed to this because Kerosine was popular
- this created a monopoly as only one brand was being sold in stores, and if they declined to sell, they would lose a majority of their profits

Predatory Pricing

- lowered the price of a good so low so that other companies that sold that product could not compete with them and would have to withdraw from the market

Rebate

- return of the portion of money received in a sale of contract, usually for favors
- often done secretly or illegally

Kickback

- return of a portion of the amount paid for goods and services
- how politicians and companies took bribes

Social Darwinism

- concept of "survival of the fittest" in society
- the idea that some people deserve to live better than others because "it was how it was meant to be"
- racism, classism, etc
- main spokesperson for this was Herbert Spencer
- implied for hands-off, laissez-faire government - no regulation for business os sanitation standards and housing required

Interstate Commerce Commission

- began in 1887
- first "regulatory" agency
- no real power
- they wanted reasonable and just rates, but they never defined reasonable
- wanted railroad rates to be published

John D. Rockefeller

- standard oil company
- kerosine refinery
- he had mottos
- "Never become indebted to anybody, don't rely on other people to support your business
- "Put profit back into business, but keep money on hand in case of crash or competitors
- very rich
- horizontal and vertical integration

Standard Oil

- the company that John D. Rockefeller owned
- controlled 90% of the oil refinery business, a monopoly

Andrew Carnegie

- known for steel
- got into railroads after learning morse code and working to operate telegraph lines for train company
- big railroad boom after the civil war
- starts producing steel for buildings
- wrote a book called the gospel of wealth

Carnegie Steel

- Henry Bessemer came up with a way to separate steel from impurities in the ores
- this business was sold in 1901 for 400 million dollars to JP Morgan, renamed to US steel
- largest industrial company in the world by 1900
- vertical integration

Bessemer-Kelly Process

- process of separating steel from impurities in poorer ores
- adopted by Carnegie because it made steel inexpensive to produce and there was high demand for it in the railroad industry

JP Morgan

- born wealthy
- rich white man
- invested European money into American businesses
-took over poorly run companies and made them better
- bought Carnegie Steel and iron holdings

US Steel

- previously known as Carnegie steel
- bought by JP Morgan

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

China Exclusion

Horizontal Integration

process through which one company takes control of all its former competitors in a specific industry
- ex. oil refining, coal mining

Vertical Integration

process through which one company takes control of all stages in making a product
- ex. Carnegie steel controlling coal mines, ore ships, steel mills, and distribution systems
this method reduces costs, improves efficiency, and increases profits

Thomas Edison

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George Westinghouse

Elijah Otis

Molly Maguires

Knights of Labor

American Federation of Labor

Haymarket Square Strike

Pullman Strike

Eugene Debs

Homestead Strike

Pinkerton Guards

Spanish-American War

Weyler Camps

The Maine

Teller Amendment

a declaration that the US had no intention of taking political control of Cuba and that, once peace was restored to the island, Cubans were free to control their government

Platt Amendment

made Cuba add to their constitution that the US would be able to intervene in Cuban politics at any time

Yellow Journalism

- actively promoted war fever in Americans
- sensationalized reporting that featured bold headlines of crime, disaster, and scandal
- exaggerating headlines was used to convince Americans to get involved in matters like Cuba

Joseph Pulitzer/William Randolph Hearst

- pioneers in the news industry
- used yellow journalism tactics

William McKinley

- predecessor of Teddy Roosevelt
- was assassinated
- known for his involvement in Hawaii

Teddy Roosevelt

- known for Panama Canal
- known for Big Stick Diplomacy
- "Speak softly and carry a big stick"
- his big stick is his aggressive foreign policy
- broke JP Morgan's trust

Rough Riders

- group led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish-American war
- broke Spanish resistance in Cuba
- newspapers report on this, becomes sensational

Emilio Aguinaldo

- fought alongside to the Spanish for Filipino freedom
- declared President of Philippines

Northern Securities Case

Anthracite Coal Strike

Square Deal

- employers/company talk to the workers and strike a deal with them to break their strike
- brought fairness into the system

Muckrakers

- a term of criticism for writers who only wrote negative things
- coined by Theodore Roosevelt

Jane Addams

- known for her social work
- also an important figure in women's suffrage

Jacob Riis

- one of the first photojournalists
- wrote about tenement life in muckraking articles which later got published into books