Macro Perspective of Tourism & Hospitality - Key Concepts, Scope, and Overview

Flashcards covering key concepts, definitions, characteristics, types, and organizational structures within the tourism and hospitality industry based on lecture notes from Ms. Amy.

What is the common denominator of key concepts in tourism and hospitality?

Movement from one place to another between different locations for any purpose and for any duration.

What defines movement as tourism, beyond just commuting?

There is a specific 'why' for going to a destination, involving an activity outside one's usual environment, often for a particular purpose.

How is an entity in the tourism sector defined in terms of profitability?

An entity generates either products or services for profit and is a composite of industries and entities involved in planning, marketing, sales, operation, and evaluation of destinations, products, and services.

From what linguistic roots does the word 'tourism' originate?

From 'Tornare' (to circle around), 'Tornos' (to move around), and the Old French/French context of 'tower' or 'tor'.

How is tourism defined as a collection of activities, services, and industries?

It is a collection of activities, services, and industries which deliver a travel experience comprising transportation, accommodation, eating and drinking establishments, retail shops, entertainment businesses, and other hospitality services for individuals or groups traveling away from home.

According to a comprehensive definition, what does tourism comprise regarding interactions?

Tourism is the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the interaction of tourists, business suppliers, host governments, and host communities in the process of attracting and hosting these tourists and other visitors.

What is the UNWTO-aligned definition of tourism activities?

Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business, and other purposes.

What are the key characteristics that define a 'tourist' or 'traveler'?

A person who takes a trip to their main destination outside their usual environment for less than a year for any main purpose (pleasure, business, or other).

What specific criteria concerning distance and duration are typically used by UNWTO for classifying tourism?

The trip should be at least 100 miles (or Km), and the stay should not be for more than one consecutive year.

What is a crucial exclusion for an activity to be considered 'tourism' regarding its purpose?

The travel must not be for remuneration (money paid for work or a service).

What is a 'same-day tourist'?

A person who takes a trip to a main destination outside their usual environment for less than a year for any main purpose, without an overnight stay.

What is an 'overnight visitor'?

A person who takes a trip to a main destination outside their usual environment for less than a year for any main purpose, including at least one overnight stay.

What is the Latin origin of the word 'hospitality' and what does it mean?

The Latin word 'Hospitare', meaning 'to receive as a guest'.

How is hospitality traditionally defined?

Hospitality refers to the tradition that a host is ready to provide food, beverage, and lodging for someone away from home.

What broader elements does hospitality include, beyond just basic provisions?

Hospitality includes the reception and entertainment of travelers, how they are treated by industry employees, and an overall concern for their well-being and satisfaction.

Who is credited with introducing the pineapple as a symbol of hospitality, and from where?

Captain Cook, from his trip to the Caribbean, specifically Guadalupe.

Why did the pineapple become a symbol of hospitality?

It was a sign of luxury and rarity, difficult and expensive to obtain due to slow sea voyages and spoilage, and resembled a pinecone. Displaying it outside homes signified a safe return of ships and invited neighbors to visit.

What are some general dynamic characteristics of the tourism and hospitality sector?

It changes depending on the needs of travelers, services are delivered by people, it involves interaction with many people, and encompasses economic, environmental, social, and cultural dimensions.

Explain the characteristic of tourism products described as 'not used up but changes'.

Tourism products, like a beach's quality, are not consumed or depleted in the traditional sense, but they can change or degrade over time with use or external factors.

Why is there 'no ownership' in tourism when a consumer experiences a product?

Consumers go to the product (e.g., a destination or service) to experience it rather than taking ownership of a physical good.

What types of factors can significantly influence tourism experiences and demand?

Factors such as natural disasters, weather, institutional factors (e.g., holidays), and specific events (e.g., Songkran in Thailand).

What are the common characteristics outlining the nature of the hospitality industry?

It has no business hours and is open 24/7/365, depends on shift work, produces and prioritizes guest satisfaction, and its services are intangible and perishable.

In a general market sense, what is a 'product'?

Anything that can be offered to a market that might satisfy a want or need.

What constitutes a 'tourism product' from a visitor's perspective?

A tourism product is a physical and psychological experience for a tourist during their travel to a destination, representing a composite of elements that create an overall visitor experience, including emotional aspects.

Why can't a single company or organization typically deliver the entire tourism experience by itself?

A tourism product comes from different sectors and services (like attractions, accommodation, transport) and is a composite of elements that no single entity can fully provide.

What is a 'destination' in the context of tourism?

A geographical unit that the tourist visits and where they stay, encompassing the complete visitor experience and representing a sum of interrelated sectors.

What are the key components that typically make up a tourist destination?

Attractions (man-made or natural), amenities and facilities, and accessibility.

What is a 'service' in the context of tourism, and how does it relate to ownership?

A service is an activity or benefit offered/rendered to another that is essentially intangible. Tourism as a service has no ownership, as customers consume it while the provider supplies it, involving interaction between them.

Explain 'intangibility' as a characteristic of tourism services.

Tourism services cannot be measured, counted, inventoried, tested, or verified in advance to assure quality, as they are not physical products.

How do 'variability' and 'inseparability' manifest in tourism services?

Variability means different visitors have different experiences even with the 'same' product, making standardization difficult. Inseparability means tourism services cannot be separated from their providers or locations, and customers participate in the production process.

Define 'perishability' in the context of tourism services.

Perishability means that if a service is not sold (e.g., an empty hotel room or airline seat), its value is lost forever and cannot be sold at a later time.

What are the primary causes of 'fluctuating demand' in tourism services?

Fluctuating demand is caused by variations in tourist arrivals due to factors like climate (weather) and institutional factors (social, cultural, and political events such as holidays).

What is 'inbound tourism'?

Tourism involving visits to a country by non-residents.

What is 'outbound tourism'?

Tourism involving visits by residents of a country to another country, outside their country of reference.

What is 'domestic tourism'?

Tourism involving visits by residents of a country within their own country.

What is 'internal tourism'?

A combination of domestic and inbound tourism within a specific country.

What is 'national tourism'?

A combination of domestic and outbound tourism when referring to a specific country's residents.

What is 'international tourism'?

A combination of inbound and outbound tourism.

What role does a successful destination play in the tourism industry?

A successful destination brings revenue, growth, and development to the industry.

What role does effective marketing and promotion play for a tourism destination?

It adds overall value to the destination, creating more tourism demand and a more attractive and needed comfort level for tourists and travelers.

Who is considered a 'stakeholder' in the tourism industry?

An individual organization and/or community that has an interest in the success of the industry.

What is 'tourism demand'?

The total number of persons who travel to use tourist facilities and services at places away from their place of work/residence (including Domestic/International tourists).

How is 'tourism supply' defined?

Tourism supply consists of the products and services that satisfy the demand of travelers, representing the quantity/range of products and services a destination can offer at a given price, including resource providers, tourism operators or managers, and infrastructure and support services.

How is the 'tourism industry' characterized in terms of business entities?

It is a network of business entities that work together to deliver products and services that tourists need and to provide memorable travel experiences.

What defines 'attractions' in the tourism sector?

Sites of interest that are a must-see for tourists, offering a broad range of active or passive, indoor or outdoor activities, for productive, creative, or contemplative use of free time.

What does the 'Events/Conventions Segment' cater to in tourism?

It caters to groups with similar interests, organizing conventions or events for them.

What services fall under 'accommodations' in tourism?

Services that offer a place to stay, rest, sleep, and unwind for travelers.

What is the role of the 'Food and Beverage' sector in tourism?

It provides refreshment at all stages of the tourist’s travel experience, offering opportunities to socialize, meet new people, and enjoy themselves.

What is the purpose of the 'Transportation' sector in tourism?

To enable tourists to get to their intended destination and move around within that destination, utilizing modes like airline, cruise, rail, bus/car.

What is the difference between a 'tour operator' and a 'travel agent'?

A tour operator is responsible for designing and organizing tour packages, while a travel agent is the one who sells those packages to customers.

What are 'ancillary services' in the tourism industry?

These are industries, indirectly or directly connected to the core travel industries, that connect customers with travel services, such as banks providing financial assistance to tourists.

What are the main responsibilities of the UNWTO (United Nations World Tourism Organization)?

The UNWTO handles general tourism concerns, promotes responsible, sustainable, and universally accessible tourism, acts as a driver of economic growth, inclusive development, and environmental sustainability, encourages the Global Code of Ethics of Tourism, and promotes tourism for SDGs.

What is the primary focus of the WTTC (World Travel & Tourism Council)?

The WTTC is the global authority on the economic and social contribution of Travel & Tourism, promoting sustainable growth for the sector and working with governments and international institutions to create jobs, drive exports, and generate prosperity.

What is the mission of PATA (Pacific Asia Travel Association)?

PATA acts as a catalyst for the responsible development of Travel & Tourism from and within the Asia Pacific region, creating partnerships to enhance value and quality.

What is the main purpose of WATA (World Association of Travel Agencies)?

WATA was established in 1949 to protect the interests of travel agencies worldwide, providing them with collaborations with airlines, hotels, cruises, transport, and other travel vendors.

What is the role of the IHRA (International Hotels and Restaurants Association)?

The IHRA is the only business organization representing the hospitality industry worldwide, devoted to promoting and defending its interests.

What is the core mission of UNESCO, particularly concerning cultural and natural heritage?

UNESCO seeks to build peace through international cooperation in education, sciences, and culture, and encourages the identification, protection, and preservation of cultural and natural heritage around the world considered to be of outstanding value to humanity.

Name some UNESCO World Heritage Sites located in the Philippines.

Baroque Churches of the Philippines (1993), Historic City of Vigan (1999), Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras (1995), Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary (2014), Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National Park (1999), and Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (1993/2009).

What is the purpose of 'The Tourism Act of 2009' (RA 9593) in the Philippines?

It is an act declaring a national policy for tourism as an engine of investment, employment, growth, and national development, strengthening the Department of Tourism and its attached agencies to effectively implement that policy.

What is the primary role of the Department of Tourism (DOT) in the Philippines?

The DOT is the primary planning, programming, coordinating, implementing, and regulatory government agency in the development and promotion of the tourism industry, both domestic and international.

What is the function of TIEZA (Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority)?

TIEZA acts as DOT’s implementing arm in providing support infrastructure for the tourism sector, facilitating investments in Tourism Enterprise Zones (TEZ) nationwide, and is the proponent for the privatization or management of its existing assets.

What is the main responsibility of the Tourism Promotions Board (TPB)?

The TPB is responsible for marketing and promoting the Philippines domestically and internationally as a global destination, highlighting its uniqueness, assisting in the development of tourism products and services, and marketing the PHL as a MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, Exhibitions) destination.

What is the purpose of the Duty Free Philippines Corporation (DFPC)?

The DFPC operates the duty and tax-free merchandising system in the PHL to augment service facilities for tourists and to generate foreign exchange and revenue for the government.

What is the goal of the Philippine Retirement Authority (PRA)?

The PRA aims to attract foreign nationals and former Filipino citizens to invest, reside, and retire in the PHL, with the end view of accelerating the socio-economic development of the country by contributing to foreign currency and providing attractive packages.

What is the role of the NCCA (National Commission for Culture and the Arts) in relation to cultural heritage and tourism?

The NCCA promotes, encourages, and initiates research and development projects in social science and humanities, champions cultural heritage and Filipino identity, and spearheads hubs, spaces, activities, and research that utilize innovation for national development.

What is the mandate of the National Parks Development Committee (NPDC)?

The NPDC is tasked to develop, preserve, and manage Rizal and Paco Parks in Manila and other parks, aiming to provide fully developed and well-maintained parks for Filipinos that contribute towards the enrichment of national identity and heritage.

What is the purpose of the Intramuros Administration (IA)?

The IA is responsible for the orderly restoration and development of Intramuros as a monument to the Hispanic period of Philippine history, ensuring its general appearance conforms to the Philippine-Spanish architecture of the 16th to 19th Century.

What is the main function of the Philippine Commission on Sports Scuba Diving (PCSSD)?

The PCSSD is responsible for providing and undertaking measures regarding standard basic dive rules, regulating scuba sports and technical diving in the country, and ensuring the safety of the sport through policy formulation.

What is ATOP and when was it established?

ATOP, the Association of Tourism Officers of the Philippines, is an organization of tourism officers from all over the country, established in 2001 to foster unity in the tourism industry and promote the welfare of its members and the traveling public.

What is the role of HRAP (Hotel and Restaurant Association of the Philippines)?

HRAP is a non-stock, non-profit organization made up of hotel managers, restaurant owners, university deans, and CEOs that addresses all issues affecting the Hotel and Restaurant Industry of the Philippines.

What is the purpose of the Philippine Travel Agencies Association (PTAA)?

The PTAA was founded in 1979 to foster unity in the travel industry and to promote the welfare of its members (travel agencies) and the traveling public.

What is PHILTOA and when was it founded?

PHILTOA, the Philippine Tour Operators Association, is an organization of tour operators and allied members actively involved in the advocacy of responsible tourism, founded on June 12, 1986.

What is the main objective of COHREP (Council of Hotel and Restaurant Educators of the Philippines)?

COHREP, established in 1989, aims to promote teaching excellence in hospitality education, transforming educators into confident professionals committed to developing competent graduates with employable skills.

What is AITM and its primary goal?

AITM, the Association of Tourism Institutions of the Philippines, was established in 1988 by academicians and professionals in Travel and Tourism with the primary goal of promoting closer working relationships among all segments of the tourism industry.