Chapter 8 - Language

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72 Terms

1

Affective Priming

A process where exposure to one stimulus influences the emotional response to a subsequent stimulus.

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2

Anomic Aphasia

A type of aphasia characterized by difficulty in finding the right words, particularly nouns.

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3

Anticipation Error

A type of speech error where a later part of a word or phrase is produced prematurely.

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4

Aphasia

A language disorder caused by brain damage, affecting speaking, understanding, reading, or writing.

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5

Bilingualism

The ability to use two or more languages fluently.

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6

Broca’s Aphasia

A type of aphasia associated with damage to Broca's area resulting in non-fluent speech.

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7

Broca’s Area

A region in the frontal lobe involved in speech production and language comprehension.

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8

Cognitive-Functional Linguistics

A theoretical approach emphasizing the connection between cognitive processes and language use.

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9

Common Ground

Shared knowledge, assumptions, or beliefs between individuals, crucial for effective communication.

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10

Conceptual Act Theory of Emotion

A theory proposing that emotions are constructed through cognitive processes interpreting bodily sensations.

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11

Content Morphemes

Morphemes that carry meaning, typically nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.

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12

Creole Language

A stable natural language developed from a mixture of different languages.

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13

Critical Period

A theoretical window of time during early development when certain skills must be learned.

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14

Curse of Knowledge

A cognitive bias where individuals struggle to imagine what it’s like for someone who lacks their knowledge.

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15

Deep Structure

The underlying syntactic structure of a sentence representing its core meaning.

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16

Fast Mapping

The process by which children learn the meaning of a word after brief exposure to it.

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17

Finite State Grammars

A type of grammar where the next state is determined by the current state and input.

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18

Function Morphemes

Morphemes that serve a grammatical function, like prepositions and articles.

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19

Garden Path Sentences

Sentences that first appear grammatically correct but become confusing due to temporary ambiguity.

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20

Generativity

The ability of a language to produce an infinite number of sentences from a finite set.

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21

Global Aphasia

A severe form of aphasia involving significant impairments in both production and comprehension.

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22

Grammatical Morpheme

Morphemes contributing to the grammatical structure of a sentence.

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23

Kindergarten Path Sentence Effect

A phenomenon where sentence structure complexity affects children's comprehension ease.

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24

Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

A hypothetical mechanism enabling humans to acquire language naturally.

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25

Lexical Access

The process of retrieving a word from the mental lexicon for speech or writing.

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26

Lexical Decision Task

An experimental task to determine if a string of letters forms a valid word.

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27

Markov Models

Mathematical models describing systems where the next state depends only on the current state.

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28

Mental Lexicon

The mental store of knowledge about words, including meanings and pronunciations.

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29

Modular

The concept that certain cognitive processes or abilities are distinct and operate independently.

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30

Morphemes

The smallest units of meaning in a language.

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31

Morphology

The study of the structure and form of words.

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32

Mutual-Exclusivity Constraint

A cognitive principle suggesting that each object has one name.

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33

Native Language Magnet Effect

A phenomenon where infants’ sensitivity to speech sounds becomes attuned to their native language.

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34

Negative Evidence

Information about what is not grammatically correct in a language.

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35

Noun Phrase

A phrase centered around a noun, typically including a determiner and modifiers.

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36

Orthographically

Referring to the written representation of language.

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37

Overgeneralization

A language error where a child applies a rule too broadly.

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38

Parse

To analyze a sentence’s syntactic structure and grammatical relationships.

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39

Phonemes

The smallest units of sound in a language that can distinguish words.

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40

Phonemic Restoration Effect

The phenomenon where listeners can 'fill in' missing phonemes in speech based on context.

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41

Phonetic Categories

Distinct groups of sounds in a language perceived as similar by speakers.

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42

Phonologically

Referring to the sounds of language.

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43

Phonology

The study of the sound system of a language.

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44

Phrase Structure

The hierarchical arrangement of words and phrases in a sentence.

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45

Pidgin Language

A simplified language developed for communication between speakers of different native languages.

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46

Poverty of the Stimulus

The theory that children learn complex language aspects despite insufficient exposure.

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47

Pragmatics

The study of language use in context.

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48

Productivity

The ability to create and understand an infinite number of new sentences.

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49

Prosody

The rhythm, intonation, and stress patterns of speech.

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50

Psycholinguistics

The study of the mental processes involved in language production and comprehension.

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51

Recursion

The ability to embed structures within similar structures for complex sentences.

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52

Referential Communication Task

A psychological task where individuals must convey information clearly.

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53

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

A theory suggesting language shapes thought and perception.

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54

Semantic Priming

The phenomenon in which one word makes it easier to recognize or process a related word.

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55

Semantics

The study of meaning in language.

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56

Shape Bias

The tendency of children to generalize object names based on shape.

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57

Speech Errors

Mistakes made in speech production, such as slips of the tongue.

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58

Speech Segmentation

The process of identifying word boundaries in continuous speech.

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59

Spreading Activation Models

A theory suggesting activating one concept in memory spreads to related concepts.

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60

Surface Structures

The specific syntactic form of a sentence.

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61

Syntax

The rules governing the structure of sentences in a language.

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62

Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon

A feeling of knowing information but being unable to retrieve it.

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63

Transformational Grammar

A theory of syntax focusing on transforming deep structures into surface structures.

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64

Tree Diagram

A graphical representation of syntactic structures.

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65

Universal Grammar

The theory that all human languages share a common underlying structure.

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66

Usage-Based Linguistics

An approach emphasizing the role of usage in shaping linguistic patterns.

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67

Verb Phrase

A phrase consisting of a verb and any accompanying objects or modifiers.

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68

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A type of aphasia resulting in fluent but nonsensical speech.

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69

Wernicke’s Area

A region in the left temporal lobe involved in language comprehension.

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70

Whole-Object Constraint

A principle suggesting children assume a new word refers to a whole object.

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71

Williams Syndrome

A rare genetic disorder with cognitive impairments but strong language abilities.

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72

Word Frequency Effect

The phenomenon where responses are quicker to high-frequency words than low-frequency words.

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