CON-317 Safety Management - Midterm Exam

NIOSH

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

EMR

Experience Modification Rate - A workers’ compensation multiplier

TRIR

Total Recordable Incident Rate - 

The lower the rate, the better the safety performance

A “recordable” Injury or Illness:

• Any work-related fatality

• Any work-related injury or illness that results in loss of consciousness, days away from work, restricted work, or transfer to another job

• Any work-related injury or illness requiring medical treatment beyond first aid

• Any work-related diagnosed case of cancer, chronic irreversible diseases, fractured or cracked bones or teeth, and punctured eardrums (a significant injury or illness diagnosed by a physician or other licensed health care professional)

• There are also special recording criteria for work-related cases involving: needlesticks and sharp injuries; medical removal; hearing loss; and tuberculosis

Who is not covered under the OSH Act of 1970?

• Self-employed persons

• Farms at which only immediate family members of the employer are employed

• Working conditions regulated by other federal or state agencies (ex: FAA, DoD)

Safety and Health Regulations for Construction - OSHA Standard

29 CFR 1926

Safety and Health Regulations for General Industry - OSHA Standard

29 CFR 1910

Vertical vs Horizontal Standards

• Most OSHA standards are Horizontal (i.e., general safety and health rules) covering hazards that exist in a wide variety of industries.

• Vertical standards are very specific safety/health rules and apply solely

  to one industry type (ex, construction trench collapse)

Employer’s Duty “General Duty Clause”

“Each employer shall furnish to each of his employees' employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees.”

Employer Responsibilities 

Notify OSHA Within:

• 8 hours of workplace fatality

• 24 hours of hospitalization, amputations, and/or loss of an eye.

Whistleblower Complaint

A complaint alleging that an employer has retaliated against an employee for engaging in protected activity, such as reporting a safety hazard

Safety and Health Complaint

A report about an unsafe or unhealthy condition in the workplace.

OSHA Focus Four Hazards

Falls (35.2%)

Struck-by (16.80%)

Caught-in/between (5.70%)

Electrocution (7.50%)

Fall Hazard

Anything at your worksite that could cause you to lose your

balance or lose bodily support and result in a fall.

OSHA requires fall protection at

• 6 feet

• AND/OR Working over dangerous machinery

Exceptions:

• On a scaffold: 10 feet

• Steel erection: 15 feet

Fall Protection Standard

29 CFR 1926 Subpart M

Duty for fall protection

• An unprotected side or edge which is 6 feet (1.8 m) or more, constructing a leading edge 6 feet (1.8 m) or more, or the inside bottom edge of the wall opening is less than 39 inches requires guardrail systems, safety net systems, or personal fall arrest

• Leading Edge: the edge of a floor, roof, or formwork for a floor or other walking/working surface.

Hole (OSHA Definition)

A gap or void 2 inches (5.1 cm) or more in its least dimension, in a floor, roof, or

other walking/working surface;

Guardrail Systems: Top Rail

42 inches (±3 in) above walking/working surface.

Guardrail Systems: Midrail

Installed halfway between top rail and working surface.

Guardrail Systems: Toe Board

At least 3.5 inches high to prevent falling objects.

Safety Net Systems Minimum Requirements

• No more than 30 feet below where employees work

• 400-pound drop test

• 6” maximum mesh

Safety Net Systems - vertical vs. horizontal design

• Up to 5 feet from working level = 8 feet horizontal distance

• More than 5 ft - 10 ft from working level = 10 feet horizontal distance

• 10 ft + from working level = 13 feet horizontal distance

Personal Fall Arrest Systems (PFAS) - ABC

Anchorage Connector (Ex: I-Beam)

Body Wear (Ex: full body harness)

Connecting Device (Ex: Shock absorbing lanyard)

Safety Monitoring System

• A designated competent person (safety monitor) to monitor the safety of workers and to warn them when their work puts them close to a fall hazard

• Must be on the same level as the workers and be able to see them

Competent Person

One who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them

Qualified Person

• One who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated his ability to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter, the work, or the project

• Is expected to design, specify, or approve systems and equipment

Warning Line System

• ALL Sides of permimeter

• Flagged with high-vis material

• Min. 6’ interval

Types of Struck-by Hazards

• Falling object

• Flying Object

• Swing Object

• Rolling Object

Driving Safety

Do not drive a vehicle in reverse gear with an obstructed rear view, unless it has an audible reverse alarm, or another worker signals that it is safe.

Severity of Shock is determined by:

• The path of the current through the body

• The amount of current flowing through the body

• The length of time the body is in the circuit

Pneumonic: BE SAFE

Burns

Electrocution

Shock

Arc Flash/Arc Blast

Fire

Explosions

Electrical Hazards: OSHA Subpart

1926 Subpart K

GFCI

Stands For: Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters

•  A fast-acting circuit breaker designed to shut off electric power in the event of a ground-fault

• OSHA requires: 120-volt, single-phase, 15- and 20-ampere receptacle outlets

Tools: Use only _____ OR ______. (Electrical)

A proper grounding pin or are designed with double insulated protection

Type 2/Class II

Double Insulated Electrical Appliances

Double-box emblem

Caught-in or -between hazards

Injuries resulting from a person being caught,

crushed, pinched, or compressed between two

or more objects, or between parts of an object.

Types of caught-in or -between hazards

• Machinery that has unguarded moving parts

• Buried in or by

• Pinned Between

Excavation Safe Work Practices

• All excavations and trenches 5 feet deep or more, but less than 20 feet

  • Protected by: sloping or benching, trench box or shield, or shoring

• All excavations is more than 20 feet deep

  • A professional engineer must design the system

• If less than 5 feet deep, a competent person may determine that a protective system is not required

PPE OSHA subpart

1926.28(a) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

29 CFR 1926 Construction Industry

• Subpart E - Personal Protective Equipment

• Subpart 1910.132(d)(1) and (2)

• Subpart 1910.134 Respiratory Protection incorporated by reference

Head Protection

ANSI Z89.1

Z89.1-2003

Z89.1-1997

Head Protection - 2 Types

Type I - Top Impact ONLY

Type 2 - Top AND side impact

Head Protection - 3 Classes

• G (General) – General services limited voltage protection – protect your head up to 2,200 volts

• E (Electrical) – Utility service high voltage protection – protect your head up to 20,000 volts

• C (Conductive) – Special service – no voltage protection

Hearing Protection Requirements

• OSHA requires hearing protection at 90 dBA (PEL, permissible exposure limit)

• 85 dBA – OSHA’s action level (recommended)

Routes of Entry - Chemical Exposure

Inhalation

Ingestion

Absorption

Injection

Asbestos PEL

OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit:

0.1 fiber/cm3 per 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA)

Silica Dust PEL

PEL for respirable silica dust:

50 mg/m3

Common Health Hazards

Chemical

Physical

Biological

Ergonomic

Effects of Exposure to Ergonomic Hazards

Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs)

Hazcom: Health Hazard

A cancer-causing agent (carcinogen) or substance with respiratory, reproductive or organ toxicity that causes damage over time (a chronic, or long-term, health hazard).

Hazom: Flame

Flammable materials or substances liable to self ignite when exposed to water or air (pyrophoric), or which emit flammable gas.

Hazcom: Exclamation Mark

An immediate skin, eye or respiratory tract irritant, or narcotic.

Hazcom: Gas Cylinder

Gases stored under pressure, liquified gases, and dissolved gases; such as ammonia, liquid nitrogen, or acetylene.

Hazcom: Corrosion

Materials causing skin corrosion/burns or eye damage on contact, or that are corrosive to metals.

Hazcom: Exploding Bomb

Explosives, including organic peroxides and highly unstable material at risk of exploding even without exposure to air (self-reactives).

Hazcom: Flame over Circle

Identifies oxidizers. Oxidizers are chemicals that facilitate burning or make fires burn hotter and longer.

Hazcom: Environmental

Chemicals toxic to aquatic wildlife. (Non-Mandatory)

Hazcom: Scull and Crossbones

Substances, such as poisons and highly concentrated acids, which have an immediate and severe toxic effect (acute toxicity).

NFPA Diamond

Safety Data Sheets (SDS)

1. Identification

2. Hazard(s) identification

3. Composition/Information on Ingredients

4. First-Aid Measures

5. Fire-Fighting Measures

6. Accidental Release Measures

7. Handling and Storage

8. Exposure Controls/Personal Protection

9. Physical and Chemical Properties

10. Stability and Reactivity

11. Toxicological Information

12. Ecological Information (non-mandatory)

13. Disposal Considerations (non-mandatory)

14. Transport Information (non-mandatory)

15. Regulatory Information (non-mandatory)

16. Other Information

Concrete and Masonry - OSHA Subpart

29 CFR 1926.700 (Subpart Q)

Masonry Hazards - Common Mistake

Common mistake to guard vertical rebar and forget the horizontal rebar.

Post-Tensioning Operations: Safety Measures 

• No employee (except those essential to the post-tensioning operations) shall be permitted to be behind jacks or end anchorages during post-tensioning operations.

• Signs and barriers shall be erected to limit employee access to the post-tensioning area during tensioning operations.

Concrete Pumping Systems Design Requirements

Designed For 100% overload

Concrete Bucket Requirements

Hydraulic or Pneumatic gates shall have positive safety latches

Formwork must be capable of supporting both ______ and ______ loads.

vertical, lateral

Precast Concrete Requirements

• Lifting inserts capable of supporting 2X the intended load

• Lifting inserts in other than tilt-up members 4X the intended load

• Lifting Hardware… 5X intended load

Limited Access Zone Requirements

Height of wall + 4 feet

Excavations vs. Trenches

EXCAVATION: Any man-made cut, cavity, trench, or depression in an earth surface, formed by earth removal

TRENCH: A narrow excavation (in relation to its length) made below the surface of the ground

• Depth > Width

• Width (at the bottom) ≤ 15 feet

“The First Line of Defense from Cave-ins” - OSHA Subpart

1926 Subpart P

Access/Egress: Trenches

• Stairway, ladder, ramp, or other safe means required for excavations over 4’, 25’ access from person at all times

• Ladder should extend 3’ from T.O excavation

Confined Space - OSHA Subpart

1926 Subpart AA

Confined Space - 3 requirements:

• The space must be “large enough and so configured that an employee can bodily enter it” AND

• The space must “have limited or restricted means for entry or exit” AND

• The space must not be “designed for continuous employee occupancy”

Permit Required Confined Space (PRCS)

Contains or has the potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere;

• Contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an entrant;

• Has an internal configuration such that an entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or by a floor which slopes downward and tapers to a smaller cross-section; or

• Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard.

Hazardous Atmospheres:

Too little oxygen – under 19.5%

Too much oxygen – over 23.5%

Carbons Monoxide, Sulfide

Which part of the Code of Federal Regulations applies to construction?

CFR Part 1926 Title 29

Whistleblower Complaints can be filed anonymously (T/F) 

False

Subpart M does not apply for Steel Erection (Subpart R) (T/F)

True

Approximately what percentage of fatal injuries in construction are due to electrocution?

7.5%

For proper eye protection, safety glasses and goggles must be marked:

ANSI Z87.1

Which respirator is NOT NIOSH-approved?

Single-strap dust mask

Type __ soil is the strongest, while type __ soil is the least strongest

A, C

Engulfment hazards typically involve:

Flowable materials such as sand or liquids

A scaffold must be capable of supporting:

Its own weight and four times the maximum intended load.

Supported scaffolds with a height-to-base ratio greater than 4:1 must be reinforced with extra planks. (T/F)

False

The OSHA Subpart covering scaffolds is:

Subpart L