Global 10

Enlightenment

The intellectual revolution of the eighteenth century in which the philosophes stressed reason, natural law, and progress in their criticism of prevailing social injustices.

John Locke

believed all people have a right to life, liberty, and property

Jean Jacques Rousseau

"man is born free and everywhere he is in chains", man is a noble savage, society corrupts man's good nature,gov.rules by general will of the people,supported educational reform

Adam Smith

Economist who wrote Wealth of Nations; Laissez-Faire economics, Free market

French Revolution

an uprising of the people that led to the end of the French monarchy and the beheading of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

Napoleonic Code

Guaranteed equality before the law, religious toleration

Napoleon's Downfall

Invasion of Russia

Nationalism

a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Congress of Vienna

conservative, reactionary meeting, led by prince metternich, restore europe to prerevolution time- encircled France with strong countries

Industrial Revolution

Change in technology, brought about by improvements in machinery and by use of steam power

utilitarianism

idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people

Capitalism

an economic system based on private property and free enterprise

Laissez-Faire

a policy based on the idea that government should play as small a role as possible in the ecomony

Karl Marx

the Communist Manifesto, Marx is a socialist, says after modern industry, society split between middle class (bourgeoisie) and modern working class(proletariat), that next working class would take over, should make a socialist society of revolutionary workers. Followed theory of Hegel

Otto von Bismarck

German statesman under whose leadership Germany was united (1815-1898)

Victorian Age

a period in British history during the reign of Queen Victoria in the 19th century her character and moral standards restored the prestige of the British monarchy but gave the era a prudish reputation

Sepoy Rebellion

rebellion fought by Sepoys against British rule in India in the mid 1800's

Boxer Uprising

Anti-foreign movement in China, get rid of foreign influence

Meiji Restoration

the modernization and industrialization of Japan in the 1800's

White Mans Burden

the belief that Europeans had a moral responsibility to civilize primitive peoples

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.

Imperial autocracy

government by one person having unlimited power

Third Estate

French during revolutionary days 98% of the population made up of Bourgeoisie, San Cullotes, and the Peasent Farmers

Age of Reason

a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions- The Enlightenment

French Revolution

A period from 1789 to 1799 characterized by social inequality, economic hardship, Enlightenment ideas, and weak leadership.

Causes of the French Revolution

Social inequality (Estates System), economic hardship (debt, poor harvests), Enlightenment ideas, weak leadership (Louis XVI).

Storming of the Bastille

An event on July 14, 1789, that symbolizes the start of the French Revolution.

Reign of Terror

A period led by Robespierre characterized by mass executions, including King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette.

Napoleon Bonaparte

A leader who rose to power and ended the ideals of the French Revolution.

Absolute Monarchy

A system where the monarch holds complete power over the state and its people.

Divine Right of Kings

The belief that monarchs are appointed by God and answerable only to Him.

Louis XIV of France

Known as the 'Sun King,' he centralized power, built Versailles, and ruled absolutely.

Peter the Great of Russia

A monarch who westernized and modernized Russia, expanding the empire.

Frederick the Great of Prussia

A monarch who promoted military expansion and religious tolerance.

Catherine the Great of Russia

A monarch who expanded Russian territory and embraced Enlightenment ideas.

John Locke

A philosopher who advocated for natural rights (life, liberty, property) and the social contract.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A philosopher who introduced the idea of the 'general will' and the social contract.

Voltaire

A philosopher who advocated for freedom of speech and separation of church and state.

Montesquieu

A philosopher who suggested the separation of powers into branches of government.

Mary Wollstonecraft

An early advocate for women's rights.

Industrial Revolution

A period of technological advancements including the steam engine, cotton gin, and spinning jenny.

Technological advancements in the Industrial Revolution

Key inventions such as the steam engine, cotton gin, and spinning jenny.

Social Darwinism

A belief used to justify imperialism, suggesting that stronger nations have the right to dominate weaker ones.

Nationalism

Pride and loyalty to one's nation, leading to unification or independence movements.

Italian Unification

A movement led by Giuseppe Garibaldi and Count Cavour to unify Italy.

German Unification

A movement led by Otto von Bismarck using realpolitik to unify Germany.

Labor Movements

Advocacy for workers' rights, better wages, working conditions.

Women's Rights

Suffrage and gender equality movements.

Socialism and Communism

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels promoted the redistribution of wealth, abolition of private property.

Laissez-faire

An economic theory of minimal government intervention in the economy.

Utilitarianism

A philosophical theory that advocates for actions that promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number.

Communist Manifesto

A political pamphlet by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that outlines the principles of communism.

Suffrage

The right to vote in political elections.

The Scramble for Africa

European powers rapidly colonized Africa for resources, land, and strategic advantages.

Berlin Conference (1884-1885)

European powers divided Africa without regard for ethnic or cultural boundaries, creating lasting conflict.

Resistance Movements

African leaders, such as Samori Touré and Menelik II (Ethiopia), fought against European domination.

Colonialism

The policy of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers.

King Leopold II (Belgium and Congo)

The Belgian king known for his brutal exploitation of the Congo Free State.

Indirect vs. Direct Rule

Methods of governance used by colonial powers; indirect rule uses local rulers, while direct rule involves direct control.

African Nationalism

A political movement advocating for the independence and self-determination of African nations.

Simón Bolívar

Leader of independence movements in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

José de San Martín

Leader of the independence movement in Argentina, Chile, and Peru.

Pedro I

Declared Brazil's independence from Portugal in 1822.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution.

Creoles

People of Spanish descent born in the Americas, often involved in independence movements.

British East India Company

Began as a trading company but gradually took control over large areas of India starting in the 1600s.

Sepoy Mutiny (1857-1858)

Indian soldiers (sepoys) rebelled against the British East India Company due to cultural insensitivity and political factors.

Drain of Wealth

India's wealth was used to support Britain's industrial growth, leaving India impoverished.

Agricultural Dependence

British-imposed cash crop cultivation led to famines and reduced food production.

Education System

British introduced Western education, but it mostly benefited the elites.

Social Reforms

Some reforms, such as the banning of Sati (the practice of widow self-immolation), were implemented by the British.

Indian Rebellion of 1857

A major, but unsuccessful, revolt against British rule.

Indian National Congress (INC)

Formed in 1885, it aimed to represent Indian interests. Over time, it began pushing for independence.

Muslim League

Founded in 1906, it advocated for Muslim rights and later played a significant role in the creation of Pakistan in 1947.

Colonialism

A system in which one country controls another for economic, political, and territorial gain.

Sati

The practice of a widow self-immolating on her husband's funeral pyre, outlawed by the British.

Sepoy

Indian soldiers employed by the British East India Company.

Nationalism

The belief in the right of a people to have their own nation-state, which became a central part of the independence movement.

Economic Development

Although India's economy was exploited, the infrastructure laid by the British (railways, communication systems) helped modernize the nation.

Qing Dynasty

Faced internal instability and external pressures, including Opium Wars with Britain.

Unequal Treaties

Forced China to trade with Western powers (Open Door Policy), ceding territories like Hong Kong to Britain.

Boxer Rebellion (1900)

Anti-foreign, anti-Christian uprising suppressed by international forces.

Self-Strengthening Movement

Attempts to modernize China, with limited success.

Tokugawa Shogunate

A feudal military government that isolated Japan from foreign influence.

Commodore Perry

Forced Japan to open trade with the West in 1853, ending the isolationist Sakoku policy.

Meiji Restoration (1868)

Rapid modernization and industrialization to resist Western influence.

Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

Japan's victory against Russia marked its rise as an imperial power.

Absolute Monarchy

A form of government where a single ruler has complete control over the government and its people.

Divine Right of Kings

The doctrine that kings derive their authority from God, not from their subjects.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition.

Natural Rights

Rights that are not contingent upon the laws, customs, or beliefs of a particular culture or government.

Social Contract

An implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits.

Realpolitik

A system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations.

Laissez-faire

An economic system in which transactions between private parties are free from government intervention.

Socialism

A political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.