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clinical interventions
when clinicians in a professional setting try to change a client behavior, thoughts, emotions ect
psychotherapy
tx techniques administered by mental health professional in a professional relationship to help clients over come psychological problems
clients attitude
open to cooperation vs resistance and defensiveness
autonomy
clients freedom and willingness to exercise choices
genuineness, empathy, and unconditional positive regard
Rogers requirements for good alliance
clinician factors
combination of interventions and warmths, communicating guinuine desire to understand, supporting clients capacity to change, creating safe space, paying attention to body language, providing helpful initial experiences
rupture
deterioration of therapy relationship signaled by disagreement about goals, reduced collaboration, and a strained emotional bond between client and therapist
insight
intervention goal, clients awareness and understanding of the nature, causes, and factors maintaining their problems
interpretation
therapist comments designed to prompt clients to examine their thoughts and actions and reach more informed conclusions about them and connect thoughts, feeling, problems, and experiences with possible shared causes
APA general principles
beneficence and nonmaleficence, fidelity and responsibility, integrity, justice, and respect for persons rights and dignity
confidentiality
privacy of info except under certain circumstances
competency
responsible for staying in your lane and having scientific knowledge
informed consent
telling the clients the limits of confidentiality, potential tx outcomes, and anything that impact willingness
diagnosis based tx design
bottom up approach- what empirical research says will most help client
therapist based tx design
top down approach- focuses on high level of influence from therapists preferred theory method
outcome based tx design
planning on many of the features that can effect tx outcome and clinician theory- both top down and bottom up
BASIC-ID tx design
designing tx off of behavior, affects sensory experiences, imagery, cognitions, and interpersonal relationship, and need for drugs
systematic tx design
focuses on client specific characteristics
task shifting
professionals in other field delivering mental health services
efficacy
describes tx that is shown to work in controlled studies
effectiveness
describes a tx that is useful in clinical practice
clinical significant
describes improvement that is large enough that client feels and acts more like people without disorder
nonspecific effects
elements of a therapy program other than the specific procedures used in a tx
dismantling
researchers take apart tx that work to identify effective components
box score review
summary of outcome research which counts the number of studies that are judged to give positive and negative results
effect size
average difference in outcome between treated and untreated groups across the studies in a meta analysis
naive realism
error of assuming one can always trust their perspective
preventative programs
modify social, economic, and environmental risk factors that lead to disorders or strengthening qualities that can protect vulnerable individuals
topographical model
continuum from unconscious to preconscious to conscious
id
concepts of biological and primal drives (ie sex and aggression)
superego
strict social norms, punishes us with guilt or rewards us with pride
ego
mediates conflict between ego and superego
defense mechanisms
unconscious mental strategies designed to keep anxiety provoking material from reaching consciousness
reaction formation
defense mechanism focused on creating thoughts and behaviors opposite of your own
hysterics
patients with physical sx that lack physical etiologies
free association
saying whatever comes to mind without censorship to provide clues to unconscious memories, impulses, and fantasies
psychoanalysis
method of psychotherapy that seeks to help clients gain insight into and work through unconscious thoughts and emotions presumed to cause psychological problems
transference
process in which clients typical relationship patterns and defense mechanisms appear in the therapy relationships
countertransference
therapists reactions towards clients based on personal history and conflicts
psychic determinism
association between memories, impressions, and experiences determined by unconscious processes
resistance
process in which client behave in ways that interfere with psychoanalytical tx process
transference neurosis
reenactment of the causes of the clients problems within therapy relationship
manifest content
obvious features from dreams
latent content
unconscious ideas, fantasies, and impulses that are disguised
alderman/individual approach
disorder/personality comes from desire to overcome childhood helplessness and control- social and relationship aspect
analytical psych
pioneered by Jung- importance of ego of id/superego and unconscious as a drive for creativity and growth, not conflict
ego analysts
behavior is controlled by ego, which can also promote learning and creativity
object relations therapy
expanded interpersonal relationships in psychodynamic thought
relational psychodynamic psychotherapy
early relationships serve as templates for others- both objectively and subjectively
interpersonal psychotherapy
time limited tx that focuses on resolving the interpersonal problems that underlie psychology problems like depression
humanistic psychotherapy
conscious awareness emphasized, clients lives are understood best by the client
actualization tendency
people strive for growth and reaching self actualization
person centered therapy
tx that focuses on creating client therapist relationship characterized by unconditional positive regard and congruence that allows clients to become aware of their true thoughts and feeling and thus remove blockages to their personal growth
unconditional positive regard
therapist attitude that expresses caring for an acceptance of the client as a valued person
empathy
therapist attempt to appreciate how the world looks from the clients pov
positivity
trust in the client for potential growth and problem solving
reflection
distilling and playing back the clients feelings
congruence
consistency between the way therapists feel and how they act toward clients
Gestalt therapy
active form of humanistic tx that seeks to create conditions in which clients can become more unifies, more self aware, and more self accepting
emotion focused therapy
role of emotion in human experience, specifically emotional schemes
behavior therapy
collection of learning based tx techniques that include exposure therapies, behavioral activation, and contingency management
functional analysis
gathering information about there personal and environmental factors that trigger and support the clients adaptive and maladaptive behaviors
ABC
identifies antecedents of behavior, behavior, and consequences
exposure tx
arranging for clients to have extended contact with a feared situation so that they can gain mastery over it and discover that it is not harmful
expectancy violation
learning that the negative outcomes they expect dont happen, this allows for learning
systematic desensitization
losing fear to a situation by being put in it and given something nice (ie Little Peter)
progressive relaxation training
set of muscle tension and release procedures designed to create feelings of relaxation that are incompatible with anxiety
flooding
doing the think that scares you the most with no gradual introduction
in vivo exposure
starts irl situation gradually
imaginal exposure
imagining increasingly frightening aspects or using vr
interoceptive exposure
for people with a fear of increasing heart rate/panic- spending time engaging in exercises that make heart beat/dizzy
response prevention
client seeks to counter anxiety with harm avoidance tasks
behavioral activation
behavioral tx method to help clients engage more often in behaviors that will provide reinforcement from the environment
aversion therapy
set of techniques that employ painful or unpleasant stimulation to decrease unwanted behaviors
cognitive therapy
tx approach that aims to identify, evaluate, and change clients maladaptive cognitions
appraisals
judgements we make
interpretations
meaning we assign when there is some ambiguity
cognitive triangle
thoughts, feelings, and behaviors all impact each other
attributions
casual explanations we assign
collaborative empiricism
client and clinician work together to asses problems, determine goals, test hypothesis, develop tasks, and measure progress
secondary appraisal
feeling judged for ones initial reaction
cognitive restructuring
process of generating more balanced and helpful alternative ways of thinking
Beck cognitive therapy
approach to depression tx based on assumption that depression in part is determined by cognitive distortions
Albert Ellis’s Rational emotive behavior therapy
approach to cognitive therapy that directly attacks irrational beliefs that support psychological problems and teaches more rational ways of thinking
continuum technique
recognizes that you can be more extreme than warranted
mindfulness
important element of third wave cbt tx that encourage observation and acceptances of ones current experiences
acceptance and commitment therapy
tx whose goal is to help clients engage fully in present and respond to situations in ways that are consistent with their values
unified protocol
cbt approach aimed at treating level disorders at once by addressing the common mechanisms maintaining all of them
treatment gap
disparity between the number of people who need mental health services and the availability of and access to those services
dissemination and implementation science
a field aimed at finding ways to more effectively, sustainable, and widely distribute evidence based interventions in forms that will be integrated an applied in different settings
group therapy
the tx of several unrelated clients at the same time- often the clients have a similar problem area
couples therapy
tx that focuses on the relationship between partners rather than on the individual paretners
family therapy
tx that focuses on relationships between and among at least two generations of family members
v-codes
other non dsm5 conditions that a be a focus of clinical attention, namely relationship problems, and assists in insurance stuff
conjoint therapy
both member present at the same time
separation counseling
both member treated separately
systematic therapist
emphasis on interpersonal aspects- circulatory and interrelatedness in each individuals experience
behavioral couples therapy
focus on communication problems
multi-systemic therapy
firm and consistent parenting, encourages clear communication, gets the blame solely off the identified “problem” person