Psy 438 Exam 2 Terms

clinical interventions

when clinicians in a professional setting try to change a client behavior, thoughts, emotions ect

psychotherapy

tx techniques administered by mental health professional in a professional relationship to help clients over come psychological problems

clients attitude

open to cooperation vs resistance and defensiveness

autonomy

clients freedom and willingness to exercise choices

genuineness, empathy, and unconditional positive regard

Rogers requirements for good alliance

clinician factors

combination of interventions and warmths, communicating guinuine desire to understand, supporting clients capacity to change, creating safe space, paying attention to body language, providing helpful initial experiences

rupture

deterioration of therapy relationship signaled by disagreement about goals, reduced collaboration, and a strained emotional bond between client and therapist

insight

intervention goal, clients awareness and understanding of the nature, causes, and factors maintaining their problems

interpretation

therapist comments designed to prompt clients to examine their thoughts and actions and reach more informed conclusions about them and connect thoughts, feeling, problems, and experiences with possible shared causes

APA general principles

beneficence and nonmaleficence, fidelity and responsibility, integrity, justice, and respect for persons rights and dignity

confidentiality

privacy of info except under certain circumstances

competency

responsible for staying in your lane and having scientific knowledge

informed consent

telling the clients the limits of confidentiality, potential tx outcomes, and anything that impact willingness

diagnosis based tx design

bottom up approach- what empirical research says will most help client

therapist based tx design

top down approach- focuses on high level of influence from therapists preferred theory method

outcome based tx design

planning on many of the features that can effect tx outcome and clinician theory- both top down and bottom up

BASIC-ID tx design

designing tx off of behavior, affects sensory experiences, imagery, cognitions, and interpersonal relationship, and need for drugs

systematic tx design

focuses on client specific characteristics

task shifting

professionals in other field delivering mental health services

efficacy

describes tx that is shown to work in controlled studies

effectiveness

describes a tx that is useful in clinical practice

clinical significant

describes improvement that is large enough that client feels and acts more like people without disorder

nonspecific effects

elements of a therapy program other than the specific procedures used in a tx

dismantling

researchers take apart tx that work to identify effective components

box score review

summary of outcome research which counts the number of studies that are judged to give positive and negative results

effect size

average difference in outcome between treated and untreated groups across the studies in a meta analysis

naive realism

error of assuming one can always trust their perspective

preventative programs

modify social, economic, and environmental risk factors that lead to disorders or strengthening qualities that can protect vulnerable individuals

topographical model

continuum from unconscious to preconscious to conscious

id

concepts of biological and primal drives (ie sex and aggression)

superego

strict social norms, punishes us with guilt or rewards us with pride

ego

mediates conflict between ego and superego

defense mechanisms

unconscious mental strategies designed to keep anxiety provoking material from reaching consciousness

reaction formation

defense mechanism focused on creating thoughts and behaviors opposite of your own

hysterics

patients with physical sx that lack physical etiologies

free association

saying whatever comes to mind without censorship to provide clues to unconscious memories, impulses, and fantasies

psychoanalysis

method of psychotherapy that seeks to help clients gain insight into and work through unconscious thoughts and emotions presumed to cause psychological problems

transference

process in which clients typical relationship patterns and defense mechanisms appear in the therapy relationships

countertransference

therapists reactions towards clients based on personal history and conflicts

psychic determinism

association between memories, impressions, and experiences determined by unconscious processes

resistance

process in which client behave in ways that interfere with psychoanalytical tx process

transference neurosis

reenactment of the causes of the clients problems within therapy relationship

manifest content

obvious features from dreams

latent content

unconscious ideas, fantasies, and impulses that are disguised

alderman/individual approach

disorder/personality comes from desire to overcome childhood helplessness and control- social and relationship aspect

analytical psych

pioneered by Jung- importance of ego of id/superego and unconscious as a drive for creativity and growth, not conflict

ego analysts

behavior is controlled by ego, which can also promote learning and creativity

object relations therapy

expanded interpersonal relationships in psychodynamic thought

relational psychodynamic psychotherapy

early relationships serve as templates for others- both objectively and subjectively

interpersonal psychotherapy

time limited tx that focuses on resolving the interpersonal problems that underlie psychology problems like depression

humanistic psychotherapy

conscious awareness emphasized, clients lives are understood best by the client

actualization tendency

people strive for growth and reaching self actualization

person centered therapy

tx that focuses on creating client therapist relationship characterized by unconditional positive regard and congruence that allows clients to become aware of their true thoughts and feeling and thus remove blockages to their personal growth

unconditional positive regard

therapist attitude that expresses caring for an acceptance of the client as a valued person

empathy

therapist attempt to appreciate how the world looks from the clients pov

positivity

trust in the client for potential growth and problem solving

reflection

distilling and playing back the clients feelings

congruence

consistency between the way therapists feel and how they act toward clients

Gestalt therapy

active form of humanistic tx that seeks to create conditions in which clients can become more unifies, more self aware, and more self accepting

emotion focused therapy

role of emotion in human experience, specifically emotional schemes

behavior therapy

collection of learning based tx techniques that include exposure therapies, behavioral activation, and contingency management

functional analysis

gathering information about there personal and environmental factors that trigger and support the clients adaptive and maladaptive behaviors

ABC

identifies antecedents of behavior, behavior, and consequences

exposure tx

arranging for clients to have extended contact with a feared situation so that they can gain mastery over it and discover that it is not harmful

expectancy violation

learning that the negative outcomes they expect dont happen, this allows for learning

systematic desensitization

losing fear to a situation by being put in it and given something nice (ie Little Peter)

progressive relaxation training

set of muscle tension and release procedures designed to create feelings of relaxation that are incompatible with anxiety

flooding

doing the think that scares you the most with no gradual introduction

in vivo exposure

starts irl situation gradually

imaginal exposure

imagining increasingly frightening aspects or using vr

interoceptive exposure

for people with a fear of increasing heart rate/panic- spending time engaging in exercises that make heart beat/dizzy

response prevention

client seeks to counter anxiety with harm avoidance tasks

behavioral activation

behavioral tx method to help clients engage more often in behaviors that will provide reinforcement from the environment

aversion therapy

set of techniques that employ painful or unpleasant stimulation to decrease unwanted behaviors

cognitive therapy

tx approach that aims to identify, evaluate, and change clients maladaptive cognitions

appraisals

judgements we make

interpretations

meaning we assign when there is some ambiguity

cognitive triangle

thoughts, feelings, and behaviors all impact each other

attributions

casual explanations we assign

collaborative empiricism

client and clinician work together to asses problems, determine goals, test hypothesis, develop tasks, and measure progress

secondary appraisal

feeling judged for ones initial reaction

cognitive restructuring

process of generating more balanced and helpful alternative ways of thinking

Beck cognitive therapy

approach to depression tx based on assumption that depression in part is determined by cognitive distortions

Albert Ellis’s Rational emotive behavior therapy

approach to cognitive therapy that directly attacks irrational beliefs that support psychological problems and teaches more rational ways of thinking

continuum technique

recognizes that you can be more extreme than warranted

mindfulness

important element of third wave cbt tx that encourage observation and acceptances of ones current experiences

acceptance and commitment therapy

tx whose goal is to help clients engage fully in present and respond to situations in ways that are consistent with their values

unified protocol

cbt approach aimed at treating level disorders at once by addressing the common mechanisms maintaining all of them

treatment gap

disparity between the number of people who need mental health services and the availability of and access to those services

dissemination and implementation science

a field aimed at finding ways to more effectively, sustainable, and widely distribute evidence based interventions in forms that will be integrated an applied in different settings

group therapy

the tx of several unrelated clients at the same time- often the clients have a similar problem area

couples therapy

tx that focuses on the relationship between partners rather than on the individual paretners

family therapy

tx that focuses on relationships between and among at least two generations of family members

v-codes

other non dsm5 conditions that a be a focus of clinical attention, namely relationship problems, and assists in insurance stuff

conjoint therapy

both member present at the same time

separation counseling

both member treated separately

systematic therapist

emphasis on interpersonal aspects- circulatory and interrelatedness in each individuals experience

behavioral couples therapy

focus on communication problems

multi-systemic therapy

firm and consistent parenting, encourages clear communication, gets the blame solely off the identified “problem” person