Cell Biology Chapter 1

all organisms consist of one or more cells, the cell is the basic unit of structure for all living organisms, all cells arise only from pre-existing cells

what are the three key ides of the cell theory

distinct and separate from the surroundings, grow develop and reproduce themselves, take energy and matter from the environment and transform it, interact with their environment and respond to stimuli

what four things must a cell have to be considered alive

plasma membrane with phospholipid bilayer, encode genetic information in DNA (shared genetic code = DNA/RNA polymerase, ribosomes, etc.), shared basic biochemistry (same organic molecules, conserved methods of storing/using energy), can reproduce themselves

what 4 fundament features are shared by all cells

prokaryotes

a type of cell that contains no internal membrane and no organelles, the DNA and transcription/translation are all in the cytoplasm

nucleus, membrane bound organelles

what two aspects do all eukaryotes have that differentiate them from prokaryotes

animals, plants, fungi, protists (single celled or multicellular)

what are the 4 main types of eukaryotes

differentiation

the progressive, coordinated change into a different cell type

• occurs early on in an embryo’s life cycle

• creates specialized cells

  • express different sets of genes

shared

(specialization of cells) in regards to proteins expressed in all/most cells, it inferes that they are required for ___ processes

specialized

(specialization of cells) in regards to proteins expressed in only certain cells, it inferes that they are required for ___ processes

extracellular matrix

what fluid/space surrounds cells

junctions

what connects cells together in the extracellular matrix of an organism

nuclear envelope (two concentric membranes)

what membrane surrounds the nucleus

DNA, proteins

what is inside of the nucleus

replicate DNA, transcribe DNA into RNA, organize and condense chromosome

what are some functions of the proteins within the nucleus

organelles, cytoskeleton, cytosol

what three broad aspects make up the cytoplasm

cellular respiration (oxidize glucose to ATP, turns oxygen to CO2)

what cellular process does the mitochondria cary out

sugar CO2 water oxygen

in photosynthesis, ___ is produced from ___ and ___, ___ is released into the atmosphere

energy, organic carbon

what does the sugar produced by photosynthesis provide for the plant

double membrane, own genome and ribosomes, reproduce via binary fission, genome sequence similar to certain bacteria

what 4 aspects of mitochondria/chloroplasts support the endosymbiotic theory

false

true or false: mitochondria can survive on their own outside of eukaryotes

mitochondria

which was absorbed first by eukaryotes: mitochondria or chloroplasts?

endomembrane network

the endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, transport vesicles, endosomes, lysosomes, and peroxisomes all make up the ___ ___

synthesize proteins (surface ribosomes), lipid synthesis (smooth ER), stores calcium

what are the 3 functions of the endoplasmic reticulum

nuclear envelope to endoplasmic reticulum to golgi apparatus to transport vesicles to either peroxisome or exocytosis

what is the flow of molecules in the cell starting from the nuclear envelope

proteins and lipids from ER enter for processing, modification, and sorting

what happens in the golgi apparatus

peroxisome (creates hydrogen peroxide)

this organelle is filled with oxidative enzymes that oxidize and neutralize toxic molecules, produce some membrane lipids, and preform other oxidative reactions

endosome

this is the sorting center of the cell, where all molecules from endocytosis go first

lysosome

this organelle is responsible for the hydrolyzation of large organic molecules

actin

this protein filament is responsible for muscle contraction, cell shape, and cell division (splits the cell during cytokinesis)

microtubules

this protein filament makes up the transport highways in a cell and separates chromosomes during mitosis

actin

which protein filament is stronger: actin or microtubules?

intermediate filaments

this protein filament is responsible for mechanical strength and stress resistance in a cell

• ex: keratin

ribosomes, protein translation, metabolic reactions (glycolysis, biosynthesis, etc.), signaling pathways

what are some of the reactions that occur in the cytosol

model organism

species used in research as a representative for a larger group

homologous

these types of traits share an evolutionary history and are inherited from shared ancestors

eukaryotic cellular processes

saccaryomyces cerevisiae (yeast) is very valuable to study in biology because it has many homologous traits that allow for the study of conserved ___ ___ ___ without needing to study them in human cells

light

which type of microscope can see organelles (micrometer) and both fixed and (some) living samples

electron

which type of microscope can see structures smaller than organelles (nanometer) yet the specimens must be fixed (not alive)