Race and Ethnicity

Race

_____ - refers to physical differences that groups and cultures consider socially significant

Ethnicity

______ - describes shared culture — including the practices, values, and beliefs of a group.

This may include:

• Shared language

• Shared religion

• Shared traditions

• Other cultural commonalities

b. preserving

NOTE: Acceptance of one’s social class helps in the preservation of the said social class. Otherwise, rejection of one’s social class will compel one to change it

1. Since the process of social interaction conditions an individual to accept his social class, then its effect on social classes is _____ ?

a. modifying

b. preserving

c. replacing

d. reordering

a. a useful device for differentiating humans with slightly different physical features

Many biological anthropologists consider racial classification as _________.

a. a useful device for differentiating humans with slightly different physical features

b. social categories to which individuals are assigned, either by themselves or others, to separate their group from others

c. an archaic and unnecessary tool that was used in the past to label groups that were considered inferior

d. an effective system of classification to showcase the various cultural practices that different societies developed throughout

their history

b. race is ascribed

NOTE: Although C is also correct, the subject of the question is racial stratification systems

Racial stratification systems are generally more closed than class stratification systems because _____ ?

a. race is achieved

b. race is ascribed

c. class is achieved

d. class is ascribed

Subordinate Group

Minority Groups aka ____

Minority Group

_____ - are any group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from others in society for differential and unequal treatment.

Minority Group

_____ - are any group that is differentiated from the dominant group based on physical or cultural characteristics and may experience disadvantages or discrimination.

Dominant Group

______ - are group hat is in the majority and holds power and privilege over others.

• Unequal treatment and less power over their lives

• Distinguishing physical or cultural traits (e.g., skin color, language)

• Involuntary membership (you are born into it)

• Awareness of subordination

• High rate of in-group marriage

Five Characteristics of Minority Groups ______

Wagley & Harris

Five Characteristics of Minority Groups is by _____ [who]?

Scapegoat Theory

______ THEORY

• dominant group displaces( transfer ) aggression (cause harm) onto a subordinate group

• Blaming a weaker group for problems..

Example: Adolf Hitler used Jewish people as scapegoats for Germany’s problems.

Stereotype

______ - are oversimplified ideas about groups of people

Prejudice

______ - are beliefs, thoughts, feelings, and attitudes held about a group (prejudgment)

Discrimination

______ - actions taken against a group of people

Racism

_____- is a type of prejudice used to justify the belief that one race is superior or inferior to another

d. Many people interact initially with the stereotype rather than with the true person.

NOTE:

• Stereotype = group-shared image of another group, exaggeration of some characteristics of members and maintained; occurs when a person ascribes the collective characteristics associated with a particular group to every member of that group, discounting individual characteristics.

• Another example of a well-known stereotype involves beliefs about racial differences among athletes. Black male athletes are often believed to be more athletic, yet less intelligent, than their White male counterparts.

1. Which of the following is true of stereotypes?

a. They usually give an accurate account of the personal behavior of members of a group.

b. Knowledge of stereotypes leads to more effective responses.

c. They are always based on empirical research.

d. Many people interact initially with the stereotype rather than with the true person.

Stereotype

_________- are group-shared image of another group, exaggeration of some characteristics of members and maintained; occurs when a person ascribes the collective characteristics associated with a particular group to every member of that group, discounting individual characteristics.

c. exaggerate some characteristics of members

• NOTE: (among stereotypes and stereotypical thinking, differences of members within a group are neglected)

2. All but one are characteristics of stereotypes:

a. group-shared image of another group

b. concern with social differences

c. exaggerate some characteristics of members

d. maintain selective perception

differences of members within a group

among stereotypes and stereotypical thinking, _______ - are neglected

c. discrimination

Rejecting a person based on ethnic identity is ______ ?

a. prejudice

b. conjecture

c. discrimination

d. influence

Prejudice

[Prejudice / Discrimination]

_____ - An unjust, often negative attitude toward an individual based on their group membership

Discrimination

[Prejudice / Discrimination]

_____ - Negative behavior or actions against someone based on social identity

Prejudice

[Prejudice / Discrimination]

_____ - Attitude-based

Discrimination

[Prejudice / Discrimination]

______ - Action-based

Prejudice

[Prejudice / Discrimination]

_____ - Can be caused by ignorance, lack of knowledge, or stereotyping

Discrimination

[Prejudice / Discrimination]

_____ - Can be the result of prejudice

Prejudice

[Prejudice / Discrimination]

_____ - No legal action can be taken against it

Discrimination

[Prejudice / Discrimination]

_____ - Legal action can be taken against it

Genocide

_____- deliberate (planned) annihilation of a targeted (usually subordinate) group.

Genocide

______ - the systematic extermination of a particular group of people based on ethnicity, nationality, or religion.

Expulsion

______ - is when a subordinate group is forced by the dominant group to leave a certain area or country.

_____ - is the physical separation of two groups in areas such as residence, workplace, or social activities.

De jure segregation

[Kind of Segregation] ______ - : segregation that is enforced by law

De facto segregation

[Kind of Segregation] _________- segregation that occurs without laws but because of other factors

Pluralism

A society where many different cultures coexist, each retaining its own identity while contributing to the whole

Assimilation

A process where a minority group or individual gives up its own culture to adopt the dominant culture’s characteristics.

Amalgamation

A blending where a minority and majority group combine to form a new group, creating a new shared culture.

b. Cooperation and differentiation

NOTE:

• Competition - arises whenever at least two parties strive for a goal which cannot be shared

• Cooperation - involves individuals or groups working together for the achievement of their individual or collective goals.

• Differentiation - means of increasing the complexity of a system, since each subsystem can make different connections with other subsystems

• Stratification - the way in which different groups of people are placed within society.

• Enculturation - Occurs when the values, norms, and practices advocated by a given culture are adopted by an individual or group

1. In a medical institution, professionals such as nurses, doctors, dietitians, pharmacists, and medical technologists work in harmony providing specific services depending on a client or patient's needs. Which of the following social processes can be best observed in the said context?

a. Assimilation and competition

b. Cooperation and differentiation

c. Amalgamation and stratification

d. Enculturation and amalgamation

Competition

_____- happens when two or more parties compete for a goal that only one can achieve.

Cooperation

_______ - is when Individuals or groups work together to achieve shared or personal goals.

Differentiation

_____ is a process that increases complexity in a system by allowing parts (subsystems) to connect and function in different ways.

Stratification

_____ - is the arrangement of people into layers or levels in society based on things like class, status, or power.

Enculturation

_______- is when a person or group learns and adopts the values, norms, and practices of a culture.

a. amalgamation

2. The fusion in which two groups blend their culture so that they become one

a. amalgamation

b. assimilation

c. acculturation

d. adaptation

b. amalgamation

3. The biological interbreeding of two people of different physical appearance until they become one stock is called ____ ?

a. compatibility

b. amalgamation

c. adaptability

d. intermarriage

a. pluralism

NOTE:

Pluralism - smaller groups within a larger society maintain their unique cultural identities, and their values and practices are accepted by the wider dominant culture provided they are consistent with the laws and values of the wider society

Ghettoization - part of a city in which members of a minority group live, typically as a result of social, legal, or economic pressure

Absorption of differences – process whereby differences of individuals or groups of differing ethnic heritage are absorbed into the dominant culture of a society (Assimilation)

Institutionalization of hierarchies - refers to the process of embedding some conception (for example a belief, norm, social role, particular value or mode of behavior) within an organization, social system, or society as a whole

4. The antidote to many forms of intolerance is the conscious attempt by institutions and organizations toward _______.

a. pluralism

b. ghettoization

c. absorption of differences

d. institutionalization of hierarchies

Pluralism

_______ - is when smaller groups keep their own cultural identities within a larger society, and their customs are accepted as long as they follow the laws and values of the society.

Ghettoization

_____ - is a situation where minority groups live in separate areas of a city, often due to social, legal, or economic pressure.

Absorption of Differences

Assimilation is aka ____ ?

Absorption of Differences (Assimilation)

_______- is the process where individuals or groups with different ethnic backgrounds become part of the dominant culture, losing their original identity.

Institutionalization of Hierarchies

________- - refers to the process of embedding some conception (for example a belief, norm, social role, particular value or mode of behavior) within an organization, social system, or society as a whole

Institutionalization of Hierarchies

______ -

• The process by which social structures and practices become ingrained in society, making inequality seem normal and accepted.

• This often involves establishing norms that perpetuate power imbalances among different groups.

c. cultural pluralism

NOTE:

• Cultural relativism is the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another.

• Cultural pluralism is a term used when smaller groups within a larger society maintain their unique cultural identities, and their values and practices are accepted by the wider culture provided they are consistent with the laws and values

  of the wider society.

• Ecumenism refers to efforts by Christians of different Church traditions to develop closer relationships and better

  understandings.

  • The principle or aim of promoting unity among the world's Christian churches

5. The confluence where Catholics and Protestants can live peacefully in the same government is called

a. cultural relativism

b. ethnicity

c. cultural pluralism

d. ecumenism

Cultural Relativism

_____ - is the idea that a person’s beliefs and behaviors should be understood based on their own culture not judged by the standards of another culture.

Cultural Pluralism

A situation where smaller cultural groups within a society maintain their unique traditions, and these are respected by the larger society as long as they follow the laws and values of that society.

Cultural Pluralism

A situation where smaller cultural groups within a society maintain their unique traditions, and these are respected by the larger society as long as they follow the laws and values of that society.

Ecumenism

Efforts by different Christian churches to build unity and better relationships among themselves. It means promoting cooperation and understanding among various Christian groups.