chs 6 - urinary tract

bladder combining forms

cyst/o, vesic/o

lith/o is combining form meaning

stone(s), calculus

albumin combining form is

albumin/o

blast/o is combining form meaning

developing cell, germ cell

olig/o is combining form meaning

scanty, few

combining VOWEL + form of night

i ; noct/i

bladder, sac CF

cyst/o, vesic/o

glomerus CF

glomerul/o

meatus definition

opening where urine passes out of body

urinary meatus CF

meat/o

kidney CF

nephr/o, ren/o

renal pelvis definition

funnel-shaped reservoir in kidney that collects urine and passes it to ureters

renal pelvis CF

pyel/o

ureter CF

ureter/o

urethra CF

urethr/o

prefix for absence of, w/o

a-, an-

prefix for painful, abnormal, labored, difficult

dys-

prefix for within

intra-

prefix for many, much

poly-

prefix for many, much

poly-

albumin fxn

• produced by liver

• circulates in blood

  • manages fluid and essential substances in blood

albumin CF

albumin/o

urea, nitrogen CF

azot/o

developing cell, germ cell CF

blast/o

sugar CF

glycos/o

blood CF

hem/o

water CF

hydr/o

CF meaning stones, calculus

lith/o

night CF

noct/i

scanty, few CF

olig/o

sound CF

son/o

CF for urine & urinary tract

urin/o, ur/o

suffix meaning pertaining to

-al , -ary

suffix meaning hernia, protrusion

-cele

suffix for excision, surgical removal

-ectomy

suffix for in blood

-emia

suffix for “the record, radiographic image”

-gram

suffix 4 process of recording, radiographic imaging

-graphy

suffix 4 condition

-iasis

suffix 4 inflammation

-itis

suffix 4 stones, calculus

-lith

suffix 4 loosening, dissolution, separating

-lysis

suffix 4 enlargement

-megaly

suffix 4 tumor, swelling

-oma

suffix 4 abnormal condition

-osis

suffix 4 surgical fixation (fixing, stabilizing surgery)

-pexy

suffix 4 instrument used 4 visual exam

-scope

suffix 4 visual exam

-scopy

suffix 4 constricting or narrowing

-stenosis

suffix 4 creation of artificial opening

-stomy

suffix 4 cut into, incision

-tomy

suffix 4 surgical crushing

-tripsy

suffix 4 urine, urination

-uria

cystitis

inflammation of the bladder

cystocele

protrusion of the bladder

cystolith

stones in the bladder

glomerulonephritis

inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney

hydronephrosis

abnormal condition of water in the kidney (swelling of kidney due to a buildup of urine, usually from a blockage in the ureter)

nephritis

inflammation of the kidney

nephroblastoma

kidney tumor containing developing (germ) cells (malignant tumor)

• aka Wilms tumor

nephrolithiasis

condition of stones in the kidneyj

nephroma

tumor of the kidney

nephromegaly

enlargement of the kidney

nephroptosis

drooping kidney (aka floating kidney)

pyelitis

inflammation of the renal pelvis

pyelonephritis

inflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney

uremia

urine (urea nitrogen) in the blood

• presence of azotemia + chronic kidney disease symptoms

  • aka uremic syndrome

ureteritis

inflammation of ureter

ureterocele

protrusion of a ureter (distally into bladder)

ureterolithiasis

condition of stones in the ureter

urethritis

inflammation of urethra

urethrocystitis

inflammation of the urethra and the bladder

vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)

reflux pertaining to the bladder and ureter (condition in which urine flows backward toward the kidneys)

reflux definition

the flow of fluid through a vessel or valve in a direction opposite to normal

acute cystitis is aka

UTI

chronic cystitis causes

pyelonephritis (as inflamm. spreads to the kidneys)

acute kidney injury (AKI)

abrupt decline in kidney fxn that occurs over hours to days and is usually reversible

causes of AKI

trauma, obstruction, adverse drug rxns, or decreased blood flow from dehydration, burns, hemorrhage, and septic shock

AKI is aka

acute renal failure (ARF)

chronic kidney disease (CKD) + aka

progressive, irreversible loss of kidney fxn; aka chronic renal failure

causes of CKD

diabetes, hypertension, and autoimmune diseases like lupus

end-stage kidney (renal) disease (ESKD)

kidneys no longer function on their own; dialysis or kidney transplantation is necessary for survival

epispadias

congenital defect in which the urinary meatus is located on the upper surface of the penis

hypospadias

congenital defect where meatus in on underside of genital

polycystic kidney disease

condition where kidney contains many cysts, causing progressive interference with ability to form urine

renal calculus

stones in the kidney

renal hypertension

elevated BP resulting from kidney disease

urinary retention

abnormal accumulation of urine in the bladder because of an inability to urinate; can be acute (AUR) or chronic (CUR)

urinary tract infection (UTI)

infection of one or more organs of the urinary tract

what determines one’s stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD)

glomerular filtration rate (GFR), a measure of kidney function

CKD is cure?

it is not reversible, but progression can be slowed by treating underlying causes

CKD GFR measurement, meaning, and symptoms STAGE 1

• GFR 90 or above (normal)

• minor damage to kidneys, presence of protein in the urine, normal kidney fxn

• no symptoms

CKD GFR measurement, meaning, and symptoms STAGE 2

• GFR 60-89 mild damage to kidneys, but they still work well

• protein is present in urine

• may be asymptomatic, or may have swelling of hands and feet, high BP, or blood in the urine

CKD GFR measurement, meaning, and symptoms STAGE 3a

• GFR 45-59

• mild to moderate damage, kidneys dont work well to eliminate waste

• swelling of hands and feet, high BP, blood in urine + weakness, fatigue, dry or itchy skin, muscle cramps, back pain, difficulties with sleep, changes in urination

CKD GFR measurement, meaning, and symptoms STAGE 3b

• GFR 30-44

• moderate to severe damage, not working well, fluid and waste not fully eliminated

• swelling of hands and feet, high BP, blood in urine + weakness, fatigue, dry or itchy skin, muscle cramps, back pain, difficulties with sleep, changes in urination

CKD GFR measurement, meaning, and symptoms STAGE 4

• GFR 15-29

• moderate to severe damage, kidneys close to not working at all, waste building up in urine and include high K+, phosphorus, anemia and acidosis (buildup of acid in body)

• all previous symptoms + swelling in the arms and legs, nausea, vomiting, and decreased appetite

CKD GFR measurement, meaning, and symptoms STAGE 5

• GFR 15 or below

• severe damage; kidneys failing or have stopped working; dialysis or kidney transplant necessary for life

• all symptoms + making little or no urine, headaches, difficulty breathing, changes in skin color

cystectomy

excision of the bladder

cystolithotomy

incision into the bladder to remove stones

cystostomy

creation of artificial opening into the bladder (for urinary drainage)

aka vesicostomy