Strength of Materials: Simple, Shearing, Bearing Stress, and Pressure Vessels

Vocabulary flashcards covering fundamental definitions, formulas, and stress types from the lectures on Simple Stress, Shearing Stress, Bearing Stress, and Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels.

Bearing Stress

The contact pressure developed over the area of contact between two bodies, such as between a pin and a hole or a rivet and a plate, given by $\sigma_b = \frac{P}{A_b}$.

Bearing Area

The projected contact area between a rivet or pin and a plate, calculated as the product of the rivet diameter and the plate thickness ($A_b = d \times t$).

Thin-Walled Pressure Vessel

A cylindrical or spherical vessel containing gas or fluid under internal pressure $p$, which subjects the vessel walls to tensile bursting stresses.

Tangential Stress

The tensile stress acting tangent to the surface of a cylindrical pressure vessel, calculated as $\sigma_t = \frac{p D}{2 t}$; also known as circumferential stress, hoop stress, or girth stress.

Longitudinal Stress

The tensile stress acting parallel to the longitudinal axis of a cylindrical pressure vessel, calculated as $\sigma_l = \frac{p D}{4 t}$.

Hoop Stress

An alternate term for tangential or circumferential stress in a thin-walled cylindrical pressure vessel.

Statics and Dynamics

Branches of engineering mechanics primarily devoted to studying the external effects of forces on rigid bodies whose deformations can be neglected.

Strength of Materials

A branch of engineering mechanics dealing with the relations between externally applied loads and internal forces in bodies, where deformations are of major interest.

Axial Force

The internal force component measuring the pulling (tensile) or pushing (compressive) action perpendicular to a section.

Shear Force

The internal force component measuring the total resistance to sliding one portion of a body past another across a section.

Torque

The internal force component measuring the resistance to twisting a member.

Stress

The unit strength of a material defined as force per unit area, expressed symbolically as $\sigma = \frac{P}{A}$.

Normal Stress

Tensile or compressive stress caused by forces acting perpendicular to the area on which they act.

Shearing Stress

Stress caused by forces acting along or parallel to the resisting area, expressed as $\tau = \frac{V}{A}$; also referred to as tangential stress.

Single Shear

A shearing condition in which a fastener or member resists applied forces across a single cross-sectional area.

Double Shear

A shearing condition in which a fastener or member, such as a bolt in a clevis, resists applied forces across two cross-sectional areas.

Direct Shear

Shear stress occurring over an area directly parallel to the applied load, as distinguished from induced shear on inclined sections.