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What are organic compounds made of?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
What are the 3 different types of organic compounds?
carbohydrates, lipids , and proteins
What are carbohydrates made of?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
C₆H₁₂O₆
Chemical formula for glucose
Properties of monosaccharides
sweet, soluble in water, easily transportable
Glucose is found in:
Honey, blood
Fructose is found in:
Juicy fruits
Uses of monosaccharides
a product of photosynthesis in plants, used in respiration to release energy
Disaccharides
maltose, sucrose, lactose
Maltose is made of:
glucose + glucose
Sucrose is made of:
fructose + glucose
Lactose is made of:
glucose + galactose
How is starch broken down in digestion?
starch → maltose → glucose
Properties of disaccharides
sweeter and very soluble in water, easier to transport
Uses of disaccharides
In plants, carbohydrates are transported as sucrose, lactose is found in mammals' milk
What is maltose found in?
germinating seeds
What is sucrose found in?
flowering plants
What is lactose found in?
mammals' milk
Polysaccharides in plants are found as:
starch, cellulose
Polysaccharides in animals are found as:
glycogen, chitin
Properties of polysaccharides
insoluble in water, easier to store in cells, as molecular size increases, solubility decreases
What are polysaccharides found in?
plant cell walls, animal cells, exoskeleton of insects
Uses of polysaccharides
Store for carbohydrates (glycogen in animals and starch in plants)
What are lipids made of?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
What is the simple structure of Lipids?
1 glycerol combined with 3 fatty acids
How are lipids found in (a) plants (b) animals at room temperature?
(a) oils (b) fats
Properties of lipids
insoluble, forms emulsions with washing-up liquid
What are lipids used as?
Storage products
How are lipids used?
To provide energy, insulating layer under the skin
Why are they used as storage products?
Since they are insoluble and do not affect the osmotic pressure within the cells
Where else are lipids found?
In cell membranes
What are proteins made of?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and a little sulfur/phosphorous
What are the three stages of protein?
amino acids - polypeptide - protein
How many amino acids are essential?
20 amino acids
In what is protein found?
albumen, haemoglobin, fibrinogen, carotene , cytoplasm, enzymes
The properties of proteins are:
Insoluble, denatured when heated
Proteins are needed for
growth and repair
Enzymes
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions
Protein is used for respiration...
when lipids or carbohydrates are not available
Why are proteins stored in animals and plants?
Because they are insoluble.
Organic compounds contain
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Inorganic compounds
don't contain carbon
Water is
inorganic
What is water?
Coolant, transport medium and habitat
Water dissolves substances, so it is called a ...
solvent
Water is a coolant because
it comes in forms of sweat and transpiration, and is used as a coolant
Water is
a reagent in many reactions, for example photosynthesis, breaking down starch to glucose, etc.
Turgidity
The plants are kept firm because the cells are full of water.
Note 
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