Chapter 13--> social psychology

social psychology 

how we think about, influence and relate to one another

attribution theory

the theory that we explain somone’s behaviour by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition

fundamental attribution error

the tendency when analyzing others’ behaviour to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of person disposition

attitude

feelings often influenced by our beliefs that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects,people, and events

 foot-in-the-door phenomenon

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

role

a set of expections about a social position that defined how those in the position ought to behave

cognitive dissonance theory

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort(dissonance) we fell when two of our thoughts are inconsistent

peripheral route persuasion

occurs when people are influenced by attention-getting cues such as a speaker’s attractiveness

central route persuasion

occurs when interested poeple’s thinking is influenced by considering evidence and arguments

norms

understood rules for accepted and expected(proper behaviour)

conformity

adjusting our behaviour or thinking to coinicide with a group standard

normative social influence

influence that results from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

informational social influence

influence that result from a person willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality

social facilitation

in the presence of others to perform simple or well-learning tasks better or faster

social loafing

when individuals apply less effort to achieve a goal when working in a group than when working alone

deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and personal accountability that occurs in a group setting

group polarization

the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

groupthink

when a group of people makes irrational or faulty decisions because they prioritize harmony, conformity, and agreement over critical thinking

prejudice

a unjustifiable negative attitude toward a group and its members

stereotype

generalized belief about a group of people

discrimination

unfair or prejudicial treatment of a person or group based on characteristics such as race, gender, age, religion, or disability

implicit bias

automatic associations that can influence individual judgments of or behaviour toward people of a particular race, gender, or other group

just-world phenomenon

the tendency for people to believe that the world is just and people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

ingroup

“us”- people with whom we share a common identity

outgroup

“them” - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

ingroup bias

the tendency to favour our own group

scapegoat theory

prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

other race effect

the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races

aggression

any physical or verbal behaviour intended to harm somone physically or emotionally

frustration-aggression principle

the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal that creates anger which can generate aggression

social script

a culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

mere exposure effect

the tendency for repeated exposure to novel stimuli to increase our liking of them

passionate love

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another that is usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship

companionate love

the deep affection attachment we feel for someone with whom our life is intertwined

equity

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

self-disclosure

the act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others

altruism

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

diffusion of responsibility

when a person takes less responsibility for something or is less likely to act in a situation due to the presence of others

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

social exchange theory

the theory that our social behaviour is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

 reciprocity norm

social-responsibility norm

an expectation that people will help those needing their help

conflict

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

social trap

a situation in which two parties by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of group become caught in mutually destructive behaviour

mirror-image perceptions

mutual views often held by conflicting parties as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

self-fulfilling prophecy

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

superordinate goals

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

GRIT

in psychology, passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals