CHEMISTRY NONMENCLATURE

acetate

C₂H₃O₂^-

ammonium

NH₄⁺

carbonate

CO₃^2-

chlorate

ClO₃^-

hydroxide

OH^-

nitrate

NO₃^-

phosphate

PO₄^3-

sulfate

SO₄^2-

-1 less oxygen (same charge)

–ate to –ite

-1 oxygen (same charge)

add “hypo” to “ite” ion

+1 oxygen (same charge)

add “per” to “ate” ion

+1 hydrogen to formula (+1 charge)

add “hydrogen” to name of a polyatomic ion OR add “bi” to name of polyatomic

+2 hydrogens to formula (+2 charge)

add “dihydrogen” to the name of a polyatomic ion

1

mono

2

di

3

tri

4

tetra

5

penta

6

hexa

7

hepta

8

octa

9

nona

10

deca

CH₄

methane

C₂H₆

ethane

C₃H₈

Propane

C₄H₁₀

butane

C₅H₁₂

pentane

C₆H₁₄

hexane

C₇H₁₆

heptane

C₈H₁₈

octane

C₉H₂₀

nonane

C₁₀H₂₂

decane

1 carbon atom

meth

2 carbon atoms

eth

3 carbon atoms

pro

4 carbon atoms

but

5 carbon atoms

pent

6 carbon atoms

hex

7 carbon atoms

hept

8 carbon atoms

oct

9 carbon atoms

non

10 carbon atoms

dec

general formula for alkane

C_nH_2n+2

alkenes bonding

1 double bond, number of carbons before the bond put in front

alkane bonding

no double bonds

unsaturated hydrocarbons

hydrocarbons containing multiple bonds

alkyne bonding

1 triple bond, number of carbons before the bond put in front

formula unit

simplest whole # ratio of cations to anions; represented by chemical formula

cation

• positive ion (lose e^-)

• always comes first

• keeps the name of the element

anion

• negative ion (gain e^-)

• always comes second

• change ending to –ide

zinc charge

Zn²⁺

metals tend to

lose electrons (cations)

nonmetals tend to

gain electrons (anions)

ionic bond

the strong electrostatic force of attraction that holds oppositely charged ions together in a compound

ionic compound

compound composed of cations and anions

binary compound

2 elements (–ide)

ternary compound

2+ elements

monoatomic ion

1 atom

polyatomic ion

2+ atoms

reason atoms form compounds

• gain stability

• reduce potential energy

ionic compound charge

0

polyatomic ion

an ion made up of more than one atom that acts as a single charged unit

binary acid

only has different elements; 1st hydrogen, 2nd nonmetal

binary acid prefix

hydro

oxyacid

acid containing hydrogen

oxyanion

polyatomic anion containing oxygen

–ate to

–ic

–ite to

–ous

Acids are

molecules (not ionic

structure of hydrate

crystal

mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, deca are for

hydrates and molecular compounds

ionic bond

transferring electrons

molecular compound

2 nonmetals individually covalently bonded

element that comes 1st in molecular compounds

least electronegative

cyclo meaning in alks

draw chemical formula as the shape

i.e.- cyclobutane would be a square, cyclooctene would be octagon