Ch. 1 Human Body Orientation

Anatomy

Study of the structure of the body

Physiology

Study of the function

Complementarity of Structure and Function

The way something is structured determines it’s function: structure implies function; function is possible via structure

How we are built

Interdependent parts (different parts depend on each other to work)

Chemical level

Atoms → molecules: atoms combine to forms molecules

Cellular level

molecules → cells: molecules make up cells; cells are the smallest living unit

Tissue level

cells → tissue: groups of cells together in some structure to form tissues

Organ level

tissues → organs: Different tissues working together to make an organ

Organ system level

organs → organ systems: different organs working together to accomplish a major function

Organismal level

organ systems → entire human: all organ systems depending on each other to keep you alive

Maintaining life

how we keep alive

Maintaining boundaries

Keeping out/in (ex. integumentary system (skin))

Responsiveness

Ability to respond to stimuli (ex. nervous system)

Movement

Movement of body or body part (ex. skeletal muscle =movement, cardiac muscle= contracts heart)

Digestion

Ingestion, mechanical and chemical → breakdown of food

Metabolism

All biochem rxn that occur

Excretion

Rid of waste and toxins

Growth

Increase in # of cells, increase in size of cells, accumulation of extracellular material

Reproduction

Asexual → mother cell that divides to two daughter cells

Sexual→ egg +sperm

Nutrients

taken in via diet

cars, protein, vitamins and nutrients

Oxygen

allows for aerobic metabolism

Normal body temperature

35-37 celsius

95-98.6 F

for speed of biochemical reactions

Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure

certain pressure of oxygen to get into our blood

homeostasis

ability to maintain stable internal environment in a changing external environment

dynamic state of equilibrium

constant adjustments to maintain homeostasis

Negative feedback

mechanism working to reverse a change to bring the body back to normal

Stimulus

a change in the bodys internal or external environment

Receptors

detect changes or stimuli

control center (CNS)

receives information, processes it, and sends instructions for a response

effectors

body parts that carry out response

afferent pathway

incoming signals that carry information to the control center

what is the efferent pathway

outgoing signal that carries instruction from the control center to the effectors

positive feedback

amplifies change

anatomical position

universal reference point, erect, shoulder width

Frontal/coronal plane

divides body between anterior and posterior parts (front and back)

Sagittal plane

divides into right and left

Midsagital

cuts directly into the middle

parasagital

unequal parts

Tranverse

divides into superior/inferior

superior

above towards the head

inferior

below toward feet

Ventral (anterior)

front

Dorsal (posterior)

back

medial

toward or at the midline of the body

Lateral

away from the sides

intermediate

between

proximal

closer to the origin of the body part

distal

farther from the origin of the body part

superficial

external

deep

internal

axial

central part (head, neck, trunk)

appendicular

limbs

RUQ

liver and gallbladder

upper middle abdominal region

epigastric

middle abdominal region

umbilical

lower middle abdominal region

hypogastric (pubic)

upper left/right abdominal region

hypochondriac

middle left/right abdominol region

lumbar

lower left/right abdominal region

iliac

Dorsal Body Cavity

contains CNS

Ventral

contains horacic, abdominalpelvic

thoracic cavity contains

pleural, mediastinum, pericardial

pleural

lungs

mediastinum

heart, trachea, esophagus

pericardial

surrounds heart

adominal pelvic

upper (abdomin)

lower (pelvic)

right hypochondriac

Liver, gallbladder, right kidney and small intestine

Right lumbar

ascending colon of large intestine, liver and gallbladder

Right iliac

cecum, appendix

epigastric

stomach, liver, pancreas, duodenum, spleen, adrenal glands

umbilical

small intestine and tranverse colon of large intestine, duodenum

hypogastric

urinary bladder, reproductive organs

left hypochondriac

diaphragm, spleen, colon, left kidney, pancreas

left lumbar

descending colon of large intestine, left kidney

left iliac

initial part of sigmoid colon, descending colon

epithelial tissue

covers body surface and lines cavities

muscle tissue

provides movement

connective tissue

supports and protects organs

nervous

provides communication by transmitting electrical impulses

atmospheric pressure

force that air exerts on the body, breathing and gas exchange depend on this

homestatic imbalance

unstable condition that results in disease if not treated

oblique

diagnoal cuts

Abdominopelvic cavity

below diaphragm, stomach liver, gallbladder, spleen, intestines

pelvic cavity

urinary bladder, rectum, internal reproductive organs

serous membrane

thin membrane that covers the organs in the ventral cavity

seroas two layers

parietal and visceral

parietal serosa

lines the wall

visceral serosa

covers organ

serousal fluid

lubrication for your organs