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What type of bonds are found inside of a water molecule?

Covalent bonds.

What type of bonds are found between water molecules?

Hydrogen bonds.

Cohesion

The attraction between molecules of the same substance.

Adhesion

The attraction between molecules of different substances.

Surface tension

The tension of the surface film of a liquid caused by the attraction of the particles in the surface layer.

Are charged and/or polar molecules hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Hydrophilic.

Are nonpolar molecules hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Hydrophobic.

What are the monomers of nucleic acids called?

Nucleotides.

What are the monomers of proteins called?

Amino acids.

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide called?

A phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

What part of DNA contains the instructions for making proteins?

Genes.

Name 3 structural differences between DNA and RNA.

DNA is double-stranded, contains deoxyribose sugar, and has thymine; RNA is single-stranded, contains ribose sugar, and has uracil.

What type of bonds are found between nucleotides in a strand of DNA?

Phosphodiester bonds.

What type of bonds are found between complementary bases in complementary strands of DNA?

Hydrogen bonds.

When describing DNA, what is meant by the term antiparallel?

The two strands run in opposite directions.

What is the shape of a DNA molecule?

Double helix.

What is the job of DNA?

To store and transmit genetic information.

What is a gene?

A segment of DNA that codes for a protein.

What is a mutation?

A change in the DNA sequence.

Why do all mutations not cause a change in a protein?

Some mutations are silent and do not alter the amino acid sequence.

What are the complementary base pair rules?

Adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine.

What group makes each amino acid different from other amino acids?

The R group or side chain.

What type of bonds are found in the primary level of protein structure?

Peptide bonds.

What type of bonds are found in the secondary level of protein structure?

Hydrogen bonds.

What groups are involved in the tertiary structure of a protein?

R groups of amino acids.

What happens in the quaternary level of protein structure?

Multiple polypeptide chains assemble into a functional protein.

What process joins molecules together by removing water?

Dehydration synthesis.

What process breaks molecules apart by adding water?

Hydrolysis.

What is the function of ribosomes?

To synthesize proteins.

What is the function of mitochondria?

To produce ATP through cellular respiration.

What is the function of Smooth ER?

Lipid synthesis and detoxification.

What is the function of Rough ER?

Protein synthesis and modification.

What is the function of lysosomes?

To digest and break down waste materials.

What is the function of the nucleus?

To house the cell's genetic material.

What is the function of Golgi apparatus?

To modify, package, and distribute proteins and lipids.

What is the function of the cell membrane?

To provide a barrier and regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

What is the function of the cell wall?

To provide structural support and protection to plant cells.

What is the function of vacuoles?

To store nutrients and waste products.

What is the function of chloroplasts?

To conduct photosynthesis.

What is the function of the central vacuole?

To maintain turgor pressure in plant cells.

How are prokaryotes different from eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms without a nucleus, while eukaryotes can be unicellular or multicellular and have a nucleus.

What cell structures are found in prokaryotes?

Cell membrane, cell wall, ribosomes, and nucleoid.

What is the function of a peripheral protein?

To provide structural support and help with cell signaling.

What is the function of a glycolipid/glycoprotein?

To aid in cell recognition and communication.

What is the function of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

To stabilize membrane fluidity.

What is the function of a transmembrane protein?

To facilitate the transport of substances across the membrane.

Describe the structure of the phospholipid bilayer.

Two layers of phospholipids with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.

Why is the cell membrane described as selectively permeable?

It allows certain molecules to pass while restricting others.

What types of molecules can passively diffuse across the bilayer?

Small nonpolar molecules.

What types of molecules need a transmembrane protein to diffuse?

Polar molecules and ions.

What is the difference between facilitated diffusion and simple diffusion?

Facilitated diffusion requires a protein, while simple diffusion does not.

Do molecules passively diffuse from high to low or low to high concentration?

From high to low concentration.

Does passive transport use energy?

No.

Define osmosis.

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

What is the difference between hypertonic and hypotonic?

Hypertonic has a higher solute concentration than the cell, while hypotonic has a lower solute concentration.

Does water move toward the hypertonic or hypotonic?

Hypertonic.

What is an aquaporin?

A channel protein that facilitates the transport of water.

Transport proteins are specific as to what they transport. True or false?

True.

How can a change in the producer level affect the number and size of other trophic levels?

It can disrupt the balance of the ecosystem, affecting food availability and population sizes.

What is the difference between an autotroph and heterotroph?

Autotrophs produce their own food, while heterotrophs consume other organisms for food.

What is the purpose of cell division using mitosis?

To produce two identical daughter cells for growth and repair.

Why don't bacteria perform mitosis?

Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission.

What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides.

Why do lipids store more energy than carbohydrates?

They have more carbon-hydrogen bonds.

How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?

Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen, while cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen to produce energy.

In what types of organisms does photosynthesis occur?

Plants, algae, and some bacteria.

In what types of organisms does cellular respiration occur?

All living organisms.

What is the purpose of cell division using meiosis?

To produce gametes for sexual reproduction.

Be able to perform a monohybrid and dihybrid cross.

A genetic cross looking at one or two traits, respectively.

Know the difference in complete dominance, incomplete dominance, and codominance.

Complete dominance shows one trait completely, incomplete dominance shows a blending of traits, and codominance shows both traits expressed.

Be able to read a pedigree to determine the genotypes of individuals.

Analyzing the inheritance of traits through generations.

Be able to determine a phenotype if given a genotype.

Identifying physical traits based on genetic information.

Be able to interpret a food chain and food web.

Understanding the flow of energy through ecosystems.

Be able to read a climate graph.

Understanding patterns of temperature and precipitation over time.

Explain how climate determines the type of biome in an area.

Different climates support specific types of vegetation and animal life.

Know the difference between biotic and abiotic factors.

Biotic factors are living influences, while abiotic factors are non-living influences.

Know the difference between primary and secondary succession.

Primary succession occurs on previously uninhabited land, while secondary succession occurs after disturbances in previously inhabited areas.

Be able to name some factors that can cause secondary succession.

Fire, floods, and human activities.

Be able to calculate trophic efficiency.

The ratio of energy transferred between trophic levels.

Be able to recognize examples of predation, parasitism, commensalism, mutualism, and competition.

Different types of species interactions in ecosystems.

Understand the impact of disturbances such as fires, floods, and human activities that can lead to secondary succession and restore ecosystems.

Disturbances can reset ecological clocks and lead to recovery and changes in biodiversity.