Patho. Exam 1 (Ch. 1,3,4,5,6,8)

Physiology

Study of body function

Pathophysiology

Study of body’s response to disease

Filters blood from urine

What is the physiology of a kidney?

Kidneys losing ability to filter at failure

What is the pathophysiology of a kidney failure?

Disease

Interruption of organ/body system

Etiology

Root causes that lead to disease

Ex) Genetics, bacteria

Pathogenesis

Morphological and physiological changes in cells, tissue

What’s happening inside the body to create the symptoms

Predisposing factors

Tendencies that increase disease chance

Ex) Smoking, not wearing sunscreen

Diagnosis (Dx)

Identifying nature and causes of health issue

Process:
1) Medical history and interview

2) Physical exam

3) Lab testing - primary source of info for diagnosis

Reliability

Extent to which a test, under same circumstances, reproduces results

Validity

Extent to which test tests what it’s supposed to

Specificity and sensitivity

How well test identifies those with and without disease

Gross level

Structural changes that can be seen by the naked eye

Microscopic level

Cytologic and cytogenetic tests; biopsy - excision of small living tissue

Clinical course

How disease behaves in patient overtime

Evolution of the bug

Ex) During incubation period - the __________ is in its latent stage since the bug isn’t doing anything yet

Acute

Clinical course description

Short-term, rapidly developing, severe

Subacute

Clinical course description

Symptoms less pronounced than acute but longer

Chronic

Clinical course description

Gradual, persistent, occurring in different phases

Subclinical state

Pathologic changes, disease present, no disease-specific symptoms

Ex) In the morning and evening, person has a headache during stage 1 hypertension

Latent state

No clinical signs or symptoms

The patient is going through their lives completely normally with the bug

Incubation, prodromal, acute, convalescence

Name the 4 pathogenesis and clinical course periods

Incubation

Clinical course: Latent stage

Pathogenesis: Pathogen enters and colonizes

Prodromal

Clinical course: Non-specific symptoms

Pathogenesis: Pathogen is actively multiplying, immune response starts

Acute

Clinical course: Intense symptoms

Pathogenesis: Toxins present in the blood

Convalescence

Clinical course: signs and symptoms subside

Pathogenesis: Pathogens cleared from body

Syndrome

Signs + symptoms

Signs

Clinical manifestations/observations a nurse takes during physical

Symptoms

The subjective data the patient feels upon visit

Precipitating factor

The root cause of clinical complications

Prognosis

The probability/prediction of disease recovery

Epidemiology

Study of disease distribution, causes and patterns amongst a population

Epidemic

Increase of cases amongst a population

Pandemic

Increase in cases across continents

Morbidity

Number of people with disease in a group

Mortality

Number of deaths within a group

Incidence

Number of new cases within a specified time period

Prevalence

Percentage of new and existing cases in a population

Primary, secondary, tertiary

What are the three levels of prevention

Primary prevention

Removing risk factors via immunization

Secondary prevention

Detecting disease while still curable

Ex) Popsmear checks for malignant tumor

Tertiary prevention

Preventing further deterioration or reducing complications

Ex) Antibiotic use post or pre-surgery

Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia

List the five adaptive cell changes - how cells avoid injury themselves

Atrophy

Decrease in cell size

Physiologic atrophy

Expected refining/renovating of cells

Occurs due to decreased cell activity, reduced hormone stimulation, aging
Ex) Shrinking of thymus after puberty since it’s not needed anymore

Pathologic atrophy

Decrease in cell size due to disease

Less workload, pressure, blood supply, poor nutrition

Body reacts by synthesizing less proteins, breaking down more proteins, greater autophagy (cell eating)

Immobilization —> Disuse —> Muscle shrinkage

Hypertrophy

Increase in cell size caused by greater workload and influx of hormones

Physiologic hypertrophy

Muscle growth from weight training

Pathologic hypertrophy

Left ventricle cell walls are overgrown due to chronic pressure and work overload

Heart cannot pump sufficient blood nor eject/fill with blood

Hyperplasia

Increase in cell number due to high cell division

Same type of cell is increasing

Compensatory, hormonal

Two types of physiologic hyperplasia

Compensatory hyperplasia

Regeneration of absent organ section

Ex) Liver regeneration after partial removal

Hormonal hyperplasia

Lost tissue supported by new growth in hormones

Ex) More estrogen enlarges breast gland during pregnancy

Pathologic hyperplasia

Due to excessive hormonal and growth factors

Ex) Enlargement of prostate in BPH overgrowth

Dysplasia

Atypical hyperplasia

Different from cancer, but can turn into it

Often occurs in epithelial tissue

Cervical Dysplasia

Abnormal cells on cervix of uterus

Linked to HPV infection - predisposing factor

Metaplasia

Adaptive response to negative stimuli

Mature to less mature but normal

Renovating cellular makeup

Dysplasia is uncontrollable …

Hypoxia

Lack of oxygen

Inefficient since it relies on aerobic metabolism

ATP depleted from 30 to 2 per round of glycolysis

Effect of hypoxia on Mitochondria

Decreases

pH _____ when glycolysis occurs anaerobic respiration

Ischemic syndrome

Decreased blood flow, interruption, block
Ex) Myocardial infraction - Severe narrowing of coronary artery

Ischemia

Condition that makes body revert to anaerobic processes which lowers ATP prod

Lowered blood flow, lowered oxygen → Hypoxia

Cell swelling, Ca buildup due to lack of Ca pump

Reperfusion

Blood dramatically returns

Influx of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals