Water Quality Exam

universal solvent

water because polarity

Oxygen atom is electrochemically ___

negative

Hydrogen atom is electrochemically ___

positive

eurythermic

tolerant of wide variety of temps

stenothermic

tight temp tolerance

PELs

permissible exposure limits

GHS

globally harmonized system

corrosive chemicals should never be stored with ______

oxidizers

reactive chemicals should never be stored with _____

flammables

flammable liquid

has a flash point under 199.4 degrees F (93 C)

flash point

lowest temp that the vapors of a substance will ignite

flammable storage

yellow cabinet designed to keep the temp below 325 degrees F, during a standard 10 minute fire test

OXIDIZER

chemical that ignites or promotes combustion in other elements causing fire of either itself or through release of O2

zoonotic disease

any virus, bacteria, fungi, or parasite that can be transmitted from animal to people

hazardous waste

has ability to be (1 or more) ignitiable, corrosice, reactive, or toxic

contaminants can become aerolized when using a high pressure hose, increasing risk of what?

inhalation and cross contamination

common disinfectants in zoos/aquariums

chlorine, iodine, chlorohexidine, ozone

plesiomonas shigelloides

bacteria, found in fw/esturary envs, temperate/tropical climates

cryptosporidia

protozoan parasite, all fish, chlorine resistant

mycobacterium

chronic disease casued by stress

spectrophotometer

instruments that measure absorbance and transmittance of a particular wavelength

absorbance

amount of light that is absorbed, is directly proporational to concentration

transmittance

how much light passes through a sample

callibration curve

indicates relationship between concentration of an analyte and analytic response

analyte

parameter being measured

analytical response

such as absorbance

concentrate of analyte plot

x axis

absorbance plot (x or y axis)

y axis

R sqaured

coefficent of determination, variance from linearity of a calibration curve

values of Rsquared closed to 1 indicate what

the line is a good fit

colorimeter can be set to only a limited # of wavelengths, while spectrophotometers ___

can be set to any wavelength within its range

potentiometry

measurement of electrochemical cells potential

temperature

the kinetic energy of a sample/molecules of a substance

pH

power of potential of hydrogen, activity of hydrogen ions present within the substance

low pH

acidic, hydrogen activity high, donates H+’s

low pH

acidic, hydrogen activity is very high, donates H

high pH

basic, hydrogen activity is low, receives H’s

water + acids = H3O increase or decrease?

increase

water + bases = H3O increase or decrease?

decreases

deionized water tends to be

acidic

salintiy

an indirect, temp-dependent measurement of salt ion conc in H20

Dissolved Oxygen

amount of water currently dissolved in body of water

o2 production occurs within what portion of the water column

top

o2 consumption occurs within what portion of the water column

bottom

how does DO content change with salinity or temp

inverse reaction (high temp, lower carrying capacity)

salting out effect

salt ions displace o2 molecules, affects DO levels

total gas pressure (TGP)

sum of partial pressure of all dissolved gases and vapor pressure of water

how does pressure affect DO

more pressure = more dissolved gas

Gas Bubble Disease

effects of supersaturation of water on aquatic organisms

BOD Biological/biochemical oxygen demand

amount of dissolved o2 needed by aerobic biological organisms; used to calculate carrying capacity of aquatic systems

COD: chemical oxygen demand

measure of the amount of o2 needed to degrade the organic matter

the lower the BOD/COD value, the

better the WQ

autoclave

steam sterilizer; must reach and maintain a temp of 121 degrees C, for at least 15 min under at least 15 psi

chromatography

allows separation of components in a complex sample to quantify a compound of interest (analyte) at low concentration

ion exchange/ion chromatography

method of separation and quantification of ions or polar molecules

total inorganic carbon

carbonates, bicarbs, carbon dioxide

total organic carbon

all other carbon-containing compounds, build up in TOCs can cause decreases in DO

holding time

time in which analysis of a sample should be completed before it starts to degrade

laboratory fraud

deliberate falsification during the reporting of analytical and quality results that failed to make them look like they passed

samples should be recalculated/calibrated if:

contaminated, missed holding time, results exceed maximum on calibration curve, over diluted, results outside target range

systematic error

errors are predictable and repeatable; instrument error

random error

unpredictable errors that average out; human error

precision

how closely repeated measurments are

accuracy

how close a measurement is to the true value

TAN Total ammonia nitrogen

combination of ammonia and ammonium

at lower ph levels, _____ is ionized to ____

nh3 to nh4+

ammonia

toxic, NH3

ammonium

not toxic, NH4+

nitrification

breakdown of NH3 into less toxic compounds, NO2 & NO3

brown blood disease caused by _

too much nitrite

new tank syndrome

a new system w/out enough env. bacteria

old tank syndrome

established system at risk of producing high levels of nitrates

WQ tests measure (nitrogen)

TAN (NH4+-N and NH3-N)

how pH and temp affect ammonia

increase ph and increase in temp = more ammonia

pH increase = more OH- hydroxide ions which does what?

pulling more H ions from NH4 molecule converting NH4+ to NH3 (more toxic)

AOB

Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria

NOB

Nitirite oxidizing bacteria

denitrification

reduction mechanism, gaining electrons, bacteria convert nitrate (NO3-) into gaseous nitrogen (N2), essentially removing nitrogen from the water column by converting it into a form that can escape into the atmosphere

high nitrate levels interferes with thyroid function in which animal groups

elasmobranchs

Methanol Based Denitrification

water is sent to a separate chamber where methanol is added, causes anerobic conditions

sulfur denitrification

bath process, constant side stream; overtime will increase acidity of a closed loop system

chlorine and bromine as sterilizing agents

non selectively kill all microorganisms

2 big problems with sodium hypochlorite (bleach)

1. over chlorination; add sodium thiosulfate

2. combined chlorine; when free chlorine has reacted with contaminants in water

phosphate

created by mineralization of dead matter

phosphorous

very reactive; generally, organic or inorganic phosphate

organic phosphate

part of cell structure or organically bound; must be broken down by bacteria to become soluble orthophosphate

90% of phosphate in Aqs is which form of phosphate

organic phosphate

alkalinity

measure of waters resistance to changes in pH or its buffering capacity

equivalence point

transition between carbonate, to bicarbonate, to carbonic acid, usually at 4.5 pH

total alkalinity

sum of all titratable bases, usually thought of as just carb + bicarb; measured in ppm expressed as CaCO3 (doesn’t not describe calcium content in water)

nitrification affects alkalinity how?

decreases alkalinity

denitrification affects alkalinity how?

increases alkalinity

total hardness

the sum of calcium and magnesium

dissolved organic carbon DOC

dissolved carbon within water, usually below .45 micrometers in size

particulate organic carbon POC

suspended within water as small particles

total organic carbon

DOC + POC

UV 254

measurements of the amount of light @254 nm wavelength that is absorbed by aromatic organic compounds in a sample

absorption

taking up molecules by a volume of another substancea

adsorption

adhesion of a molecule to a surface

turbidity

measure of water clarity due to light-scattering suspended within the water