Thẻ ghi nhớ: Campbell Biology Chapter 46. Animal Reproduction | Quizlet

contraception

the deliberate prevention of pregnancy

conception

the fertilization of an egg by a sperm in humans

gametogenesis

the process by which gametes are produced

vagina

part of the female reproductive system between the uterus and the outside opening; the birth canal in mammals. During copulation, the vagina accommodates the male's penis and receives sperm

gestation

pregnancy; the state of carrying developing young within the female reproductive tract

placenta

a structure in the pregnant uterus for nourishing a viviparous fetus with the mother's blood supply; formed from the uterine lining and embryonic membranes

Leydig cell

a cell that produces testosterone and other androgens and is located between the seminiferous tubules of the testes

ectopic

occurring in an abnormal location

mammary gland

an exocrine gland that secretes milk to nourish the young/ They are characteristic of mammals

proliferative phase

that portion of the uterine (menstrual) cycle when the endometrium continues to thicken, becomes more vascularized, and develops glands that secrete fluid rich in glycogen

menstrual flow phase

that portion of the uterine (menstrual) cycle when menstrual bleeding occurs

human chorionic gonadotropin(hCG)

a hormone secreted by the chorion that maintains the corpus luteum of the ovary during the first three months of pregnancy

tubal ligation

a means of sterilization in which a woman's two oviducts (fallopian tubes) are tied closed to prevent eggs from reaching the uterus. A segment of each oviduct is removed

external fertilization

the fusion of gametes that parents have discharged into the environment

menstrual cycle

in humans and certain other primates, a type of reproductive cycle in which the nonpregnant endometrium is shed through the cervix into the vagina; also called the uterine cycle

cloaca

a common opening for the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts found in many nonmammalian vertebrates but in few mammals

Spematogenesis

the continuous and prolific production of mature sperm cells in the testis

oocyte

a cell in the female reproductive system that differentiates to form an egg

hymen

a thin membrane that partly covers the vaginal opening in the human female. It is ruptured by sexual intercourse or other vigorous activity

vas deferens

in mammals, the tube in the male reproductive system in which sperm travel from the epididymis to the urethra

myotonia

increased muscle tension, characteristic of sexual arousal in certain human tissues

ovulation

the release of an egg from an ovary. In humans, an ovarian follicle releases an egg during each uterine (mestrual) cycle

abortion

the termination of a pregnancy in progress

luteal phase

that portion of the ovarian cycle during which endocrine cells of the corpus luteum secrete female hormones

ejaculation

the propulsion of sperm from the epididymis through the muscular vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra

rhythm method

a form of contraception that relies on refraining from sexual intercourse when conception is most likely to occur; also called natural family planning

uterine cycle

the changes that occur in the uterus during the reproductive cycle of the human female; also called the menstrual cycle

sperm

the male gamete

spermatheca

in many insects, a sac in the female reproductive system where sperm are stored

scrotum

a pouch of skin outside the abdomen that houses the testes; functions in maintaining the testes at the lower temperature required for spermatogenesis

coitus

the insertion of a penis into a vagina; also called sexual intercourse

egg

the female gamete

oogenesis

the process in the ovary that results in the production of female gametes

vasectomy

the cutting and sealing of each vas deferens to prevent sperm from entering the urethra

testis

the male reproductive organ, or gonad, in which sperm and reproductive hormones are produced

diaphragm

a dome-shaped rubber cup fitted into the upper portion of the vagina before sexual intercourse. It serves as a physical barrier to the passage of sperm into the uterus

menopause

the cessation of ovulation and menstruation marking the end of a human female's reproductive years

vulva

collective term for the female external genitalia

trimester

in human development, one of three 3-month-long periods of pregnancy

trophoblast

the outer epithelium of a mammalian blatocyst. It forms the fetal part of the placenta, supporting embryonic development but not forming part of the embryo proper

menstruation

the shedding of portions of the endometrium during a uterine (menstrual) cycle

fertilization

the union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote

prostate gland

a gland in human males that secretes an acid-neutralizing component of semen

natural family planning

a form of contraception that relies on refraining from sexual intercourse when conception is most likely to occur; also called the rhythm method

follicular phase

that part of the ovarian cycle during which follicles are growing and occytes are maturing

fetus

a developing mammal that has all the major structures of an adult. In humans, the stage lasts from the 9th week of gestation until birth

cleavage

the succession of rapid cell divisions without significant growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells

prepuce

a fold of skin covering the head of the clitoris or penis

cervix

the neck of the uterus, which opens into the vagina

assisted reproductive technology

a fertilization procedure that generally involves surgically removing eggs (secondary oocytes) from a woman's ovaries after hormonal stimulation, fertilizing eggs, and returning them to the woman's body

glans

the rounded structure at the tip of the clitoris or penis that is involved in sexual arousal

ovarian cycle

the cyclic recurrence of the follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase in the mammalian ovary, regulated by hormones

hermaphroditism

a condition in which an individual has both female and male gonads and functions as both a male and female in sexual reproduction by producing both sperm and eggs

urethra

a tube that releases urine from the mammalian body near the vagina in females and through the penis in males; also serves in males as the exit tube for the reproductive system

oviduct

a tube passing from the ovary to the vagina in invertebrates or to the uterus in vertebrates, where it is also known as a fallopian tube

follicle

a microscopic structure in the ovary that contains the developing oocyte and secretes estrogens

proliferative phase

that portion of the uterine (menstrual) cycle when the endometrium regenerates and thickens

asexual reproduction

the generation of offspring from a single parent that occurs without the fusion of gametes (by budding, division of a single cell, or division of the entire organism into two or more parts). In most cases, the offspring are genetically identical to the parent

uterus

a female organ where eggs are fertilized and/or development of the young occurs

pregnancy

the condition of carrying one or more embryos in the uterus

labia minora

a pair of slender skin folds that surrounds the openings of the vagina and urethra

parthenogenesis

a form of asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs

birth control pill

a chemical contraceptive that inhibits ovulation, retards follicular development, or alters a woman's cervical mucus to prevent sperm from entering the uterus

epididymis

a coiled tubule located adjacent to the mammalian testis where sperm are stored

inhibin

a hormone produced in the male and female gonads that functions in part by regulating the anterior pituitary by negative feedback

corpus luteum

a secreting tissue in the ovary that forms from the collapsed follicle after ovulation and produces progesterone

fission

the separation of an organism into two or more individuals of approximately equal size

ejaculatory duct

in mammals, the short section of the ejaculatory route formed by the convergence of the vas deferens and a duct from the seminal vesicle. The ejaculatory duct transports sperm from the vas deferens to the urethra

in vitro mutagenesis

a technique used to discover the function of a gene by cloning it, introducing specific changes into the cloned gene's sequence, reinserting the mutated gene into a cell, and studying the phenotype of the mutant

lactation

the continued production of milk from the mammary glands

endometrium

the inner lining of the uterus, which is richly supplied with blood vessels

sexual reproduction

a type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from both parents via the gametes

internal fertilization

the fusion of eggs and sperm within the female reproductive tract. The sperm are typically deposited in or near the tract

intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI)

the fertilization of an egg in the laboratory by the direct injection of a single sperm

vasocongestion

the filling of a tissue with blood, caused by increased blood flow through the arteries of that tissue

condom

a thin, latex rubber or natural membrane sheath that fits over the penis to collect semen

orgasm

rhythmic, involuntary contractions of certain reproductive structures in both sexes during the human sexual response cycle

endometriosis

the condition resulting from the presence of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus

clitoris

an organ at the upper intersection of the labia minora that engorges with blood and becomes erect during sexual arousal

organogenesis

the process in which organ rudiments develop from the three germ layers after gastrulation

semen

the fluid that is ejaculated by the male during orgasm; contains sperm and secretions from several glands of the male reproductive tract

penis

the copulatory structure of male mammals

in vitro fertilization(IVF)

fertilization of oocytes in laboratory containers followed by artificial implantation of the early embryo in the mother's uterus

zygote

the diploid cell produced by the union of haploid gametes during fertiliztiton; a fertilized egg

seminiferous tubule

a highly coiled tube in the testis in which sperm are produced

seminal vesicle

a gland in males that secretes a fluid component of semen that lubricates and nourishes sperm

labor

a series of strong, rhythmic contractions of the uterus that expels a baby out of the uterus and vagina during childbirth

estrous cycle

a reproductive cycle characteristic of female mammals except humans and certain other primates, in which the nonpregnant endometrium is reabsorbed rather than shed, and sexual response occurs only during mid-cycle at estrus

labia majora

a pair of thick, fatty ridges that encloses and protects the rest of the vulva

budding

asexual reproduction in which outgrowths from the parent form and pinch off to live independently or else remain attached to eventually from extensive colonies

gonads

the male and female sex organs; the gamete-producing organs in most animals

blastocyst

the blastula stage of mammalian embryonic development, consisting of an inner cell mass, a cavity, and an outer layer, the trophoblast. In humans, it forms 1 week after fertilization