RPC - Exam 2

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emotions

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a multifaceted process that unfolds over time

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appraisel

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the way we interpret a situation affects our emotional reaction

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76 Terms

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emotions

a multifaceted process that unfolds over time

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appraisel

the way we interpret a situation affects our emotional reaction

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subjective feeling, bodily response, expression, cognitive changes, and action tendencies

channels of emotion

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pleasantness, anticipated effort, control, certainty

key dimension of appraisel across theories

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subjective feelings

it feels like something to be angry/afraid/sad/happy or embarrassed about

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endocrine system

group of glands that secrete hormones and that regulate the body's response to stress

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oxytocin

functions in female reproduction, reduces activity in brain areas associated with fear, increases trust generosity, empathy

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cortisol

stress hormone, gives us energy, facilitates memory, suppresses the immune system

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testosterone

linked with masculine traits and male sexual development

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sympathetic

mediates "fight" or "flight"

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parasympathetic

mediates "rest and digest"

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fight or flight response

response to a stressor

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orienting response

response to (unexpected) change in the environment (that is not aversive)

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startle reflex

response to a sudden, unexpected stimulus (more impactful than those result in orienting response)

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bodily response

part of emotions (not equivalent with emotion)

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facial expression

instantly, universally, recognizable

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cognitive changes

people rely on heuristics more or less, adjust more or less from anchors, and people perceive risk differently

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action tendencies

examples- angry people more likely to fight, sad may shop to feel better

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problem of parts

asks which part of emotions in our definition are essential (but we cannot define it)

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james-lange theory

suggested that intuition may be backward and physiological response becomes first (heart pounding) occurs before you even realize what you are feeling- the physiological response makes you realize you are feeling an emotion

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schachter-singer two factor theory

emotion compromises of both change in bodily state and the label that was cognitively applied

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problem of variety

not all emotions are manifested in every channel

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problem of plenty

if all part of emotions are essential- how do they fit together into a coherent whole?

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associative, fast, parallel, effortless, automatic, slow

learning, and emotional characteristics of system 1

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deductive, slow, serial, effortful, controlled, flexible, and neutral characteristics of system 2

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selective design just operates at a time (system 1

intuition, system 2

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competitive design both underlying processes produce something inside, but the output is only of one system

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consolidative design associations, feelings, etc from system 1 and considered arguments from system 2 are forming judgements

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corrective design cognitive operations are monitored; judgements may be corrected or replaced in effortful tasks

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surprise, fear, happiness, sadness, anger, and disgust six basic emotions (biologically based and universally recognized)

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duchenne smile being able to tell if someone is smiling based on their eyes

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expression of emotion associatively tied (system 1) to other channels

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integral emotions emotions that are caused by the decision itself

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iowa gambling tasks suggests that emotion plays an important role in the decision

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reference dependence value depends on gains and losses relative to a reference point (emotions respond to changes we habituate to constraints)

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loss aversion stepper in the domain of losses than in the domain of gains (negative emotions tend to be more powerful than positive ones)

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concave, convex for gains, for losses (emotions only weakly encode magnitude)

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overweighted, underweighted low probabilities are, high probabilities are

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elaboration likelihood model when people want tho hold correct attitudes, but the amount of effort devoted to thinking depends on motivation and ability.

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incidental emotions

emotions that we carry with us to the decision that have nothing to do with the decision

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high-certainty emotion

disgust, anger, happy, contentment (result it more heuristic reasoning)

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low-certainty emotion

fear, worry, hope, and surprise (result it more systematic reasoning)

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challenge

increased cardiac efficiency, decreased vascular resistance and blood moving more quickly to effector muscles and the brain

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threat

decreased cardiac efficiency, increased vascular resistance and blood moving more slowly to effector muscles and the brain

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affective forecasting

predicting emotion

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valence

will you feel good or bad?

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specific emotion

will you feel happy/relieved/proud, etc?

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intensity

how strongly will you feel it?

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duration

how long will you feel it?

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impact bias

errors in intensity and errors in duration (mainly overestimates)

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construal

could misconstrue the event (thinking about tomorrow vs. thinking about 5 years from now)

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framing

could think differently of the event depending on how its framed (harvard dorms similarities and differences)

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most common construal event

not appreciating the complexity of an event, especially when it is further away

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affective theory

how you believe people feel in different situations

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projection bias

people underestimate changes in emotional states and falsely project their current preferences onto their future preferences

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hot-cold empathy gap

people in temporary emotional states fail to anticipate what things will be like when they are no longer in that state (and vice versa)

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focalism

people focus on the target event that they are predicting, not realizing unrelated events with influence their thoughts and emotions

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synthetic happiness

psychological immune system

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adaptation

physiological and psychological factors that cause emotional responses to the same stimulus to wane over time

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rationalization

Psychological factors that cause emotional responses to the same stimulus to wane over time

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surrogation

we tend to underestimate the importance of other people's advice

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characteristics of regret and disappointment

cognitively based, negative emotions

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negative feedback

taint an experience and cause regret and disappointment

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regret

blaming yourself for the decision

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disappointment

blaming the situation or someone else

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minimax regret principle

compute the maximum of possible regret for each option- choose the option where the maximum regret is minimized

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overweight

minimax _ improbable negative outcomes

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counterfactuals

hypothetical alternative

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"first instinct fallacy"

better to stick with your first answer than switch

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anticipated

which regret is higher? (anticipated or experienced)

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action

in the short term, people regret_ more

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inaction

in the long term, people regret _ more

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behavioral repair work and psychological repair work

factors that reduce the pain of regrettable actions more than inactions

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Zeigarnik effect

people better remember unfinished tasks than finished tasks (regrettable failures to act tend to be more memorable than enduring than regrettable actions)

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difference in pre-event and post-event and duration

factors to determine if optimism or pessimism is better

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defensive pessimism

makes people less happy while waiting for results