RPC - Exam 2

emotions

a multifaceted process that unfolds over time

appraisel

the way we interpret a situation affects our emotional reaction

subjective feeling, bodily response, expression, cognitive changes, and action tendencies

channels of emotion

pleasantness, anticipated effort, control, certainty

key dimension of appraisel across theories

subjective feelings

it feels like something to be angry/afraid/sad/happy or embarrassed about

endocrine system

group of glands that secrete hormones and that regulate the body's response to stress

oxytocin

functions in female reproduction, reduces activity in brain areas associated with fear, increases trust generosity, empathy

cortisol

stress hormone, gives us energy, facilitates memory, suppresses the immune system

testosterone

linked with masculine traits and male sexual development

sympathetic

mediates "fight" or "flight"

parasympathetic

mediates "rest and digest"

fight or flight response

response to a stressor

orienting response

response to (unexpected) change in the environment (that is not aversive)

startle reflex

response to a sudden, unexpected stimulus (more impactful than those result in orienting response)

bodily response

part of emotions (not equivalent with emotion)

facial expression

instantly, universally, recognizable

cognitive changes

people rely on heuristics more or less, adjust more or less from anchors, and people perceive risk differently

action tendencies

examples- angry people more likely to fight, sad may shop to feel better

problem of parts

asks which part of emotions in our definition are essential (but we cannot define it)

james-lange theory

suggested that intuition may be backward and physiological response becomes first (heart pounding) occurs before you even realize what you are feeling- the physiological response makes you realize you are feeling an emotion

schachter-singer two factor theory

emotion compromises of both change in bodily state and the label that was cognitively applied

problem of variety

not all emotions are manifested in every channel

problem of plenty

if all part of emotions are essential- how do they fit together into a coherent whole?

associative, fast, parallel, effortless, automatic, slow

learning, and emotional characteristics of system 1

deductive, slow, serial, effortful, controlled, flexible, and neutral characteristics of system 2

selective design just operates at a time (system 1

intuition, system 2

competitive design both underlying processes produce something inside, but the output is only of one system

consolidative design associations, feelings, etc from system 1 and considered arguments from system 2 are forming judgements

corrective design cognitive operations are monitored; judgements may be corrected or replaced in effortful tasks

surprise, fear, happiness, sadness, anger, and disgust six basic emotions (biologically based and universally recognized)

duchenne smile being able to tell if someone is smiling based on their eyes

expression of emotion associatively tied (system 1) to other channels

integral emotions emotions that are caused by the decision itself

iowa gambling tasks suggests that emotion plays an important role in the decision

reference dependence value depends on gains and losses relative to a reference point (emotions respond to changes we habituate to constraints)

loss aversion stepper in the domain of losses than in the domain of gains (negative emotions tend to be more powerful than positive ones)

concave, convex for gains, for losses (emotions only weakly encode magnitude)

overweighted, underweighted low probabilities are, high probabilities are

elaboration likelihood model when people want tho hold correct attitudes, but the amount of effort devoted to thinking depends on motivation and ability.

incidental emotions

emotions that we carry with us to the decision that have nothing to do with the decision

high-certainty emotion

disgust, anger, happy, contentment (result it more heuristic reasoning)

low-certainty emotion

fear, worry, hope, and surprise (result it more systematic reasoning)

challenge

increased cardiac efficiency, decreased vascular resistance and blood moving more quickly to effector muscles and the brain

threat

decreased cardiac efficiency, increased vascular resistance and blood moving more slowly to effector muscles and the brain

affective forecasting

predicting emotion

valence

will you feel good or bad?

specific emotion

will you feel happy/relieved/proud, etc?

intensity

how strongly will you feel it?

duration

how long will you feel it?

impact bias

errors in intensity and errors in duration (mainly overestimates)

construal

could misconstrue the event (thinking about tomorrow vs. thinking about 5 years from now)

framing

could think differently of the event depending on how its framed (harvard dorms similarities and differences)

most common construal event

not appreciating the complexity of an event, especially when it is further away

affective theory

how you believe people feel in different situations

projection bias

people underestimate changes in emotional states and falsely project their current preferences onto their future preferences

hot-cold empathy gap

people in temporary emotional states fail to anticipate what things will be like when they are no longer in that state (and vice versa)

focalism

people focus on the target event that they are predicting, not realizing unrelated events with influence their thoughts and emotions

synthetic happiness

psychological immune system

adaptation

physiological and psychological factors that cause emotional responses to the same stimulus to wane over time

rationalization

Psychological factors that cause emotional responses to the same stimulus to wane over time

surrogation

we tend to underestimate the importance of other people's advice

characteristics of regret and disappointment

cognitively based, negative emotions

negative feedback

taint an experience and cause regret and disappointment

regret

blaming yourself for the decision

disappointment

blaming the situation or someone else

minimax regret principle

compute the maximum of possible regret for each option- choose the option where the maximum regret is minimized

overweight

minimax _____ improbable negative outcomes

counterfactuals

hypothetical alternative

"first instinct fallacy"

better to stick with your first answer than switch

anticipated

which regret is higher? (anticipated or experienced)

action

in the short term, people regret_____ more

inaction

in the long term, people regret _______ more

behavioral repair work and psychological repair work

factors that reduce the pain of regrettable actions more than inactions

Zeigarnik effect

people better remember unfinished tasks than finished tasks (regrettable failures to act tend to be more memorable than enduring than regrettable actions)

difference in pre-event and post-event and duration

factors to determine if optimism or pessimism is better

defensive pessimism

makes people less happy while waiting for results