emotions
a multifaceted process that unfolds over time
appraisel
the way we interpret a situation affects our emotional reaction
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emotions
a multifaceted process that unfolds over time
appraisel
the way we interpret a situation affects our emotional reaction
subjective feeling, bodily response, expression, cognitive changes, and action tendencies
channels of emotion
pleasantness, anticipated effort, control, certainty
key dimension of appraisel across theories
subjective feelings
it feels like something to be angry/afraid/sad/happy or embarrassed about
endocrine system
group of glands that secrete hormones and that regulate the body's response to stress
oxytocin
functions in female reproduction, reduces activity in brain areas associated with fear, increases trust generosity, empathy
cortisol
stress hormone, gives us energy, facilitates memory, suppresses the immune system
testosterone
linked with masculine traits and male sexual development
sympathetic
mediates "fight" or "flight"
parasympathetic
mediates "rest and digest"
fight or flight response
response to a stressor
orienting response
response to (unexpected) change in the environment (that is not aversive)
startle reflex
response to a sudden, unexpected stimulus (more impactful than those result in orienting response)
bodily response
part of emotions (not equivalent with emotion)
facial expression
instantly, universally, recognizable
cognitive changes
people rely on heuristics more or less, adjust more or less from anchors, and people perceive risk differently
action tendencies
examples- angry people more likely to fight, sad may shop to feel better
problem of parts
asks which part of emotions in our definition are essential (but we cannot define it)
james-lange theory
suggested that intuition may be backward and physiological response becomes first (heart pounding) occurs before you even realize what you are feeling- the physiological response makes you realize you are feeling an emotion
schachter-singer two factor theory
emotion compromises of both change in bodily state and the label that was cognitively applied
problem of variety
not all emotions are manifested in every channel
problem of plenty
if all part of emotions are essential- how do they fit together into a coherent whole?
associative, fast, parallel, effortless, automatic, slow
learning, and emotional characteristics of system 1
deductive, slow, serial, effortful, controlled, flexible, and neutral characteristics of system 2
selective design just operates at a time (system 1
intuition, system 2
competitive design both underlying processes produce something inside, but the output is only of one system
consolidative design associations, feelings, etc from system 1 and considered arguments from system 2 are forming judgements
corrective design cognitive operations are monitored; judgements may be corrected or replaced in effortful tasks
surprise, fear, happiness, sadness, anger, and disgust six basic emotions (biologically based and universally recognized)
duchenne smile being able to tell if someone is smiling based on their eyes
expression of emotion associatively tied (system 1) to other channels
integral emotions emotions that are caused by the decision itself
iowa gambling tasks suggests that emotion plays an important role in the decision
reference dependence value depends on gains and losses relative to a reference point (emotions respond to changes we habituate to constraints)
loss aversion stepper in the domain of losses than in the domain of gains (negative emotions tend to be more powerful than positive ones)
concave, convex for gains, for losses (emotions only weakly encode magnitude)
overweighted, underweighted low probabilities are, high probabilities are
elaboration likelihood model when people want tho hold correct attitudes, but the amount of effort devoted to thinking depends on motivation and ability.
incidental emotions
emotions that we carry with us to the decision that have nothing to do with the decision
high-certainty emotion
disgust, anger, happy, contentment (result it more heuristic reasoning)
low-certainty emotion
fear, worry, hope, and surprise (result it more systematic reasoning)
challenge
increased cardiac efficiency, decreased vascular resistance and blood moving more quickly to effector muscles and the brain
threat
decreased cardiac efficiency, increased vascular resistance and blood moving more slowly to effector muscles and the brain
affective forecasting
predicting emotion
valence
will you feel good or bad?
specific emotion
will you feel happy/relieved/proud, etc?
intensity
how strongly will you feel it?
duration
how long will you feel it?
impact bias
errors in intensity and errors in duration (mainly overestimates)
construal
could misconstrue the event (thinking about tomorrow vs. thinking about 5 years from now)
framing
could think differently of the event depending on how its framed (harvard dorms similarities and differences)
most common construal event
not appreciating the complexity of an event, especially when it is further away
affective theory
how you believe people feel in different situations
projection bias
people underestimate changes in emotional states and falsely project their current preferences onto their future preferences
hot-cold empathy gap
people in temporary emotional states fail to anticipate what things will be like when they are no longer in that state (and vice versa)
focalism
people focus on the target event that they are predicting, not realizing unrelated events with influence their thoughts and emotions
synthetic happiness
psychological immune system
adaptation
physiological and psychological factors that cause emotional responses to the same stimulus to wane over time
rationalization
Psychological factors that cause emotional responses to the same stimulus to wane over time
surrogation
we tend to underestimate the importance of other people's advice
characteristics of regret and disappointment
cognitively based, negative emotions
negative feedback
taint an experience and cause regret and disappointment
regret
blaming yourself for the decision
disappointment
blaming the situation or someone else
minimax regret principle
compute the maximum of possible regret for each option- choose the option where the maximum regret is minimized
overweight
minimax _ improbable negative outcomes
counterfactuals
hypothetical alternative
"first instinct fallacy"
better to stick with your first answer than switch
anticipated
which regret is higher? (anticipated or experienced)
action
in the short term, people regret_ more
inaction
in the long term, people regret _ more
behavioral repair work and psychological repair work
factors that reduce the pain of regrettable actions more than inactions
Zeigarnik effect
people better remember unfinished tasks than finished tasks (regrettable failures to act tend to be more memorable than enduring than regrettable actions)
difference in pre-event and post-event and duration
factors to determine if optimism or pessimism is better
defensive pessimism
makes people less happy while waiting for results