IBDP Biology Exam Review

Which pair of characteristics are correct for the cellular processes of exocytosis and endocytosis?

Exocytosis: secretion of cellular materials

Endocytosis: vesicles are moved away from the plasma membrane

Which two molecules are the principal components of membranes?

Protein and lipid

Which ratio limits the size of cells?

The surface area to volume

Which statement is characteristic of tumours?

They result from uncontrolled cell division and occur in any organ

Which combination of features is found in most plant and animal cells?

cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes

During endocytosis, what change will most likely occur in the plasma membrane of a cell?

It will from vesicles

Which of the following could be a function of a membrane protein?

Enzymatic activity

What is the product of mitosis in plant cells?

Two daughter cells with genetically identical nuclei

Which pair of features is correct for both plant and prokaryotic cells?

Plant cell: contains DNA associated with protein

Prokaryotic cell: contains naked DNA

The diagram shows a model of a biological membrane. What do labels I, II, and III illustrate? *hint: the one that looks like under skin thing.

I: glycoprotein

II: integral

III. hydrophilic phosphate head

What describes the functions of the following organelles?

Golgi apparatus: Processing of proteins

Rough endoplasmatic reticulum: synthesis of proteins for cell secretion

Which processes are represented by he labels in the diagram below? *hint the one looks like an egg.

I: a phagocyte ingesting a microbe by endocytosis

II: Digestion of the microbe with the help of a lysosme

A student observes and draws an Amoeba, using the high power lens of a microscope. The diameter of the drawing is 100 mm. The actual diameter of the Amoeba is 100 µm. What is the magnification of the drawing?

1000

What ensures that mitosis produces two genetically identical nuclei?

Identical chromatids are pulled to opposite poles by sindle microtubules

In what way are eukaryotic chromosomes different from prokaryotic chromosomes?

Eukaryotic chromosomes: protein is present

Prokaryotic chromosomes: Protein is absent

The DNA of a particular cell is damaged, so that the cell continues to divide uncontrollably. What is the possible result?

Tumour formation

What is produced as a result of mitosis?

Two cells, each containing the same number of chromosomes as the original cell

Hemophilia is caused by an X-linked recessive allele. In the pedigree shown below which two individuals in the pedigree must be carriers of hemophilia?

I-1 and II-1

A single gene in humans causes blood to be either rhesus positive (dominant allele) or rhesus negative (recessive allele). A woman with rhesus negative blood has already had a child with rhesus positive blood. There could be complications during pregnancy if she has another child with rhesus positive blood. What is the probability of this, if the father is the same, and if his mother is known to have rhesus negative blood?

50%

What is a sex linked gene?

A gene whose locus is on the X or Y chromosomes

What is always a difference between the alleles of a gene?

Their base sequence

Hypophosphataemia is a disorder involving poor re-absorption of phosphate from glomerular filtrate in humans. It shows a sex-linked dominant pattern of inheritance as illustrated in the following pedigree.Which row in the table correctly identifies the genotypes of individuals 1 and 2?

XhY

XHXh

What is a karyotype?

Chromosomes arranged in pairs according to their size and shape

What is the relationship between Mendel's law of segregation and meiosis?

only one of a pair of alleles appears in a gamete

What are the possible applications of DNA profiling?

Solving paternity suits

Aiding certain criminal investigations

Identifying people who died last century

Which fluid is sampled to try to detect chromosomal abnormalities in a fetus?

Amniotic

Which of the following represents a test cross to determine if phenotype T is homozygous or heterozygous (Note: allele T is dominant to allele t.)

Phenotype T crossed with phenotype t

Which of the following blood group phenotypes always has a homozygous genotype?

O

In the pedigree shown below, the female, labeled I-2, is a carrier for colour blindness, however neither male (I-1 or II-1) is colour blind. What is the probability that offspring III-1 will be colour blind?

12.5 %

What happens to the unfertilized egg used in the cloning process of a differentiated cell?

Its nucleus is replaced by the nucleus of the differentiated cell.

A tiny amount of DNA was obtained from a crime scene and amplified. Following digestion with restriction enzymes, which laboratory technique would be used to separate the fragments of DNA?

Gel electrophoresis

What was the original goal of the Human Genome Project?

To determine the nucleotide sequence of all human chromosomes

Why is amniotic fluid collected during prenatal testing for abnormal chromosomes?

To obtain fetal cells

What does karyotype show?

The number and appearance of chromosomes

A diploid cell in a gorilla has 48 chromosomes. How many chromosomes will be present in a haploid gorilla cell?

24

A woman has a heterozygous genotype for blood group B. She is expecting a baby with a man who is homozygous Group A. What are the possible blood groups for their baby?

Group A and Group AB

What enzymes are used in gene transfer techniques?

Restriction enzymes and ligases

What can be concluded on the basis of the following karyotype? *hint the pic of chromosomes

Female with Down syndrome

What are homologous chromosomes?

Two chromosomes with the same set of genes, in the same sequence, sometimes with different alleles

Which features of DNA fragments are used to separate them in the process of gel electrophoresis?

Their charge and their size

Which feature of a genetic pedigree chart demonstrates that a characteristic is sex linked?

One gender is more commonly affected than the other.

What does the genotype XH Xh indicate?

A heterozygous female

If a purple flowered (Pp) and a white flowered pea plant (pp) are crossed, what will the offspring be?

1 : 1 ratio of purple and white flowers

In what way are eukaryotic chromosomes different from prokaryotic chromosomes?

Eukaryotic chromosomes: Protein is present

Prokaryotic chromosomes: Protein is absent

Which processes result in the greatest amount of genetic variation in a population?

meiosis and mutation

Hemophilia is sex-linked and is caused by a recessive allele. A woman's father has hemophilia, but her husband does not. What is the probability of the women and her husband having a child with hemophilia?

Probability of a son having hemophilia: 50%

Probability of a daughter having hemophilia: 0%

Brachydactyly, abnormal shortness of the fingers, was the first human genetic disorder found to be caused by a dominant allele. The pedigree below shows a family with affected males ■, unaffected males □, affected females ● and unaffected females ○.What are the genotypes of the father and mother in the first generation, using the symbol B for the dominant alleles and symbol b for recessive allele?

bb and Bb

There are many different views on the ethics of reproductive cloning in humans. Which is a valid argument against cloning in humans?

The life expectancy of children produced by cloning might be lower than normal.

The diagram below shows the cell of an organism going through the first division of meiosis.How many different combinations are possible for these chromosomes in the haploid cells formed by meiosis?

8

If the amount of DNA in a haploid gamete is represented by , what is the net quantity of DNA in a cell from the same organism at the start of meiosis?

4X

If a man has blood group O and a woman has blood group AB, what is the probability that their child will be blood group O?

0%

Which combination of features is found in most plant and animal cells?

cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes

Which pair of features is correct for both plants and prokaryotic cells?

plant cell: Contains DNA associated with protein

prokaryotic cell: contains naked DNA

What describes the functions of the following organelles?

Golgi apparatus: processing of proteins

Rough endoplasmatic reticulum: synthesis of proteins for cell secretion

A student observes and draws an Amoeba, using the high power lens of a microscope. The diameter of the drawing is 100 mm. The actual diameter of the Amoeba is 100 µm. What is the magnification of the drawing?

1000

In what way are eukaryotic chromosomes different from prokaryotic chromosomes?

Eukaryotic chromosomes: protein is present

Prokaryotic chromosomes: protein is absent

What is produced as a result of mitosis?

Two cells, each containing the same number of chromosomes as the original cell

Which pair of characteristics are correct for the cellular processes of exocytosis and endocytosis?

Exocytosis: Secretion of cellular materials

Endocytosis: Vesicles are moved away from the plasma membrane

Which two molecules are the principal components of membranes?

protein and lipid

Which ratio limits the size of cells?

The surface area to volume

During endocytosis, what change will most likely occur in the plasma membrane of a cell?

It will form vesicles.

Which of the following could be a function of a membrane protein?

Enzymatic activity

The diagram shows a model of a biological membrane. What do labels I, II, and III illustrate?

I: glycoprotein

II: Integral protein

III: hydrophilic phosphate head

Which processes are represented by the labels in the diagram below? *hint egg looking image

I: A phagocyte ingesting a microbe by endocytosis.

II: Digestion of the microbe with the help of a lysosome.

Which statement is characteristic of tumours?

They result from uncontrolled cell division and occur in any organ.

What is the product of mitosis in plant cells?

Two daughter cells with genetically identical nuclei

What ensures that mitosis produces two genetically identical nuclei?

Identical chromatids are pulled to opposite poles by spindle microtubules.

The DNA of a particular cell is damaged, so that the cell continues to divide uncontrollably. What is the possible result?

Tumour formation

Of the following products, which is produced by both anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration in humans?

Pyruvate and ATP

Which is not a product of the Krebs cycle?

pyruvate

How many ATP molecules (net yield) are produced per molecule of glucose as a direct result of glycolysis?

2

What happens during muscle contraction?

The actin and myosin filaments slide over each other.

Which way do the protons flow when ATP is synthesized in mitochondria?

From the intermembrane space to the inner matrix

What accumulates in the inter-membrane space of the mitochondrion during electron transport?

Protons (hydrogen ions)

What is the sequence of stages during the conversion of glucose into pyruvate in glycolysis?

Phosphorylation of sugar - lysis - oxidation

How many molecules of acetyl CoA (ethanoyl CoA) does the oxidation of the fatty acid stearic acid produce?

9

Which of the following produce ATP in mitochondria?

The movement of protons from the intermembrane space to the matrix

Aerobic respiration involves conversion of glucose into pyruvate and conversion of pyruvate into carbon dioxide and water. Where do these processes occur in a eukaryotic cell?

Where glucose is broken down

into pyruvate: cytoplasm

Where pyruvate is broken down

into carbon dioxide and water: mitochondrion

The average surface area for the inner membranes of mitochondria in a epithelial cell is 40 m2 g-1. The surface area of the inner membrane of mitochondria from heart muscle cells is over 200 m2 g-1.

They contain enzymes to condense ADP and inorganic phosphate to ATP.

During which process are oxygen molecules directly involved during cellular respiration?

Accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

What is the "link reaction" in eukaryotic respiration?

Pyruvate joining with coenzyme A to produce CO2 and NADH + H+

How are photosynthesis and aerobic respiration similar?

Both use ATP synthetase enzyme and electron transport chain. Both does not use NADH + H+.

Which row in the table describes the first stage of cellular respiration?

Substrate: glucose

Location: cytoplasm

product: pyruvate

product: ATP

Which combination of changes describes biological oxidation?

Electrons: loss

Oxygen: gain

Hydrogen: loss

Within the mitochondria, what compound is produced through oxidation of fatty acids?

Acetyl-CoA

Which of the following features is/are present in mitochondria but not in chloroplasts?

Cristae

What are the end products of aerobic cell respiration?

Water, carbon dioxide and ATP

What is the key function of acetyl CoA in cellular respiration?

Involved in carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism

What is the correct sequence of chemicals produced in the anaerobic respiration pathway?

Glucose - pyruvate - lactate

Where in eukaryotic cells is glucose broken into pyruvate, to release energy for use in the cell?

cytoplasm

The diagram below shows the three stages of glycolysis. Which processes are indicated by I, II and III? *hint the arrows

I: phosphorylation

II: lysis

III: Oxidation and ATP formation

Humans can respire aerobically and anaerobically. Which are products of both aerobic cell respiration and anaerobic cell respiration in humans?

pyruvate and ATP

What is the net production of ATP, per molecule of glucose during the fermentation of glucose to lactate?

2 molecules

Which two colours of light does chlorophyll absorb most?

red and blue

What is needed in photosynthesis to convert carbon dioxide into organic molecules?

ATP and hydrogen from the splitting of water

How is the proton gradient generated in chloroplasts during photosynthesis?

Flow of electrons from carrier to carrier in the thylakoid membrane causes pumping of protons across the thylakoid membrane.

Why is the action spectrum for photosynthesis similar to the absorption spectra of photosynthetic pigments?

Only wavelengths of light absorbed by pigments can be used in photosynthesis.

Pigments are extracted from the leaves of a green plant. White light is then passed through the solution of pigments. What effect do the leaf pigments have on the white light?

Red and blue wavelengths are absorbed and green wavelengths are transmitted.

Which diagram represents the process of cyclic photophosphorylation?

e - photosystem II - ADP - ATP - photosystem I

What is the advantage of having a small volume inside the thylakoids of the chloroplast?

A high proton concentration is rapidly developed.