external morphology

Oh god

Longitudinal axis

 Anterior-posterior axis (head to rear)

Lateral axis

Side to side axis

Dorsoventral axis

“stomach“ to back axis

Dorsum

Dorsal/back surface

Venter

Ventral/ “stomach” sideL

Pleuron

Lateral/side surface

notum

Dorsal side of the thorax

tergum

Dorsal side of the abdomen

Pleuron

Lateral side of the thorax

Pleuron membrane

Lateral side of the abdomen, thin strip

sternum

Makes up the ventral side of both the thorax and abdomen.

Sternites

Singular of sternums

Tergites

Singular of tergums

Epicuticle

The most outside layer of the cuticle.  It is not used for support. It is waxy and prevents dessication. It is composed of hydrocarbons and lipids. NOT MADE OF CHITIN. It is also not cellular. It has 5 layers.

Cement layer

1st layer of the epicuticle, it has a hard varnish to prevent scrapping. W

Wax layer

2nd layer of the epicuticle

Superficial layer

3rd layer of the epicuticle. it controls water to ensure water retention or prevent flooding.

Outer epicuticle

4th layer of the epicuticle

Inner epicuticle

The most inner/5th layer the epicuticle. It has waxy filaments/ducts to get things out

Exocuticle

The outerlayer of the protocuticle. It is made out of chitin.

Endocuticle

The inner layer of the protocuticle. It is made out of chitin.

Epidermis

The cellular layer found underneath the cuticle.

Protocuitcle

Exocuticle + endocuticle

Chitin

Bundles of microfibrils that rotate in layers/sheets to create a protein matrix. Due to the many layers all in different directions it is much stronger and flexible. 

Integument

The cuticle + epidermis

Sclerotization

The process where there is H-bonding in chitin chains. Quinones (phenolic bridges) link proteins. This hardens the tissues. The tissue can also harden through water loss.

Arthrodial membrane

Unscleroterized cuticle which is still tough enough to support internal processes, however it is more flexible.

Prothorax

1st segment of the thorax. It contains the prothoracic limb also known as the foreleg and has no wings.

Mesothorax

2nd segment of the thorax. It  contains the mesothoracic limb also known as the midleg. Also contains the forewing making it a part of the pterothorax. 

Metathorax

It is the 3rd segment of the thorax. It  contains the metathoracic limb also known as the hindleg. It also contains the hindwings making it a part of the pterothorax. 

Phragma

Is a plate-like apodeme that supports the longitudinal flight muscle.

Apodeme

An extension of the exoskeleton that bends inwards and is a strong attachment place for muscles. It is where the wings attach

Episternum

Anterior notum of the pleural suture

Epimeron

posterior notum, of the pleural suture

Plural suture

Divides the episternum and epimeron