PR2 1st MT

Quantitative research

objective, systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena through the use of computational techniques.

numerical

descriptive word pertaining to or denoting a number or symbol to express how many, how much, or what rank things are or have in this world.

OBJECTIVE

Quantitative research seeks accurate measurement and analysis of target concepts. It is not based on mere intuition and guesses. Data are gathered before proposing a conclusion or solution to a problem.

CLEARLY DEFINED RESEARCH QUESTIONS.

The researchers know in advance what they are looking for. The research questions are well-defined for which objective answers are sought.

STRUCTURED RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS.

Standardized instruments guide data collection, thus, ensuring the accuracy, reliability and validity of data.

NUMERICAL DATA.

Figures, tables or graphs showcase summarized data collection in order to show trends,

relationships or differences among variables.

LARGE SAMPLE SIZES.

To arrive at a more reliable data analysis, a normal population distribution curve is

preferred.

REPLICATION.

Quantitative methods can be repeated to verify findings in another setting, thus strengthen and

reinforcing validity of findings eliminating the possibility of spurious conclusions.

FUTURE OUTCOMES.

By using complex mathematical calculations and with the aid of computers, if-then

scenarios may be formulated thus predicting future results. (PROOF RATHER THAN DISCOVERY)

It is objective.

The most reliable and valid way of concluding results, giving way to a new hypothesis or to

disproving it.

The use of statistical techniques

facilitates sophisticated analyses and allows you to comprehend a huge number

of vital characteristics of data.

It is real and unbiased.

If the research is properly designed it filters out external factors, and so can be seen as

real and unbiased.

The numerical data can be analyzed in a quick and easy way.

By employing statistically valid random models,

findings can be generalized to the population about which information is necessary.

Quantitative studies are replicable.

Standardized approaches allow the study to be replicated in different areas

or over time with formulation of comparable findings.

Quantitative experiments are useful for testing the results

gained by a series of qualitative experiments,

Quantitative research requires

requires a large number of respondents.

It is costly.

Since, there are more respondents compared to qualitative research, the expenses will be greater in

reaching out to these people and in reproducing questionnaires.

does not consider the distinct capacity of the respondents to share and elaborate further information

The information is contextual factors to help interpret the results or to explain variations are usually ignored.

Much information are difficult to gather using structured research instruments,

specifically on sensitive

issues like pre-marital sex, domestic violence, among others.

If not done seriously and correctly, data from questionnaires may be incomplete and inaccurate.

Researchers must be on the look-out on respondents who are just guessing in answering the instrument.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN.

This allows the researcher to control the situation. In doing so, it allows

the researcher to answer the question, “What causes something to occur?” This kind of research also allows the

researcher to identify cause and effect relationships between variables and to distinguish placebo effects from

treatment effects. (HIGHEST DEGREE LEVEL OF EVIDENCE)

PRE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN.

A type of research applies to experimental design that with least internal

validity. One type of pre-experiment, the simple group, pretest-post-test design, measures the group two

times, before and after the intervention.

QUASI – EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN.

In this design, the researcher can collect more data, either by

scheduling more observations or finding more existing measures. Quasi-experimental design involves

selecting groups, upon which a variable is tested, without any random pre-selection processes.

TRUE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN.

It controls for both time-related and group related threats. Two features

mark true experiments: two or more differently treated groups; and random assignment to these groups.

NON-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN.

This may also be called as DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN, In this kind of design, the researcher observes the phenomena as they occur

naturally and no external variables are introduced.

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

is to observe, describe and document aspects of a

situation as it naturally occurs and sometimes to serve as a starting point for hypothesis generation or theory

development.

SURVEY.

It is used to gather information from groups of people by selecting and studying samples chosen

from a population. This is useful when the objective of the study is to see general picture of the population

under investigation in terms of their social and economic characteristics, opinions, and their knowledge

about the behavior towards a certain phenomenon.

CORRELATIONAL.

It is conducted by researchers whose aim would be to find out the direction,

associations and/or relationship between different variables or groups of respondents under study.

Bivariate Correlational Studies

It obtains score from

two variables for each subject, and then uses them to calculate a correlation coefficient.

bivariate

the two variables are correlated (variables are selected because they are believed to be related).

EX-POST FACTO or CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE.

This kind of research derives conclusion from observations

and manifestations that already occurred in the past and now compared to some dependent variables. It

discusses why and how a phenomenon occurs.

COMPARATIVE.

It involves comparing and contrasting two or more samples of study subjects on one or

more variables, often at a single point of time.

NORMATIVE.

describes the norm level of characteristics for a given behavior.

EVALUATIVE.

is a process used to determine what has happened during a given activity or in an

institution. The purpose of evaluation is to see if a given program is working, an institution is successful

according to the goals set for it, or the original intent was successfully attained.

METHODOLOGICAL.

approach, the implementation of a variety of methodologies forms a critical

part of achieving the goal of developing a scale matched approach,

The value of quantitative research to man’s quest to __ the unknown and improve underlying

conditions is undeniable.

discover

scientists and medical experts all over the world today are working their best

to __ the development,

fast track

law-makers’ decisions for __ and

implementing laws for the safety and welfare of the more significant majority.

crafting

dependent variable

the outcome

independent variable

given condition/s

Relationship between demand and supply, age and health, discipline and

academic achievement, practice and winning at sports, depression and suicidal rates, algae population and oxygen

demand are just a few examples of real-life applications of __ studies

correlation

it took years of research to establish compliance to standards for __,

interoperability

and most __ add-ons according to consumer needs.

marketable

Social Science

• Effects of intervention to group

behavior.

• Understanding cultural or racial

conflicts.

• Human satisfaction and stressors

Natural and Physical Sciences

• Investigate the effectiveness of a

product or treatment to illnesses.

• Finding or enhancing alternative

energy sources.

• Advancement in material

science.

Agriculture and Fisheries

• Increase the yield of crops

• Prevention and cure for crops

and livestock diseases

Sports

• Enhance athletic performance

Business

• Device marketing strategies

• Improve marketability

Arts and Design

• Relationship between color and

architectural space

• Multimedia use and adaptation

for recreation, business

marketing and lifestyle changes.

Environmental Science

• Causes and effects of climate

change

variable

“characteristics that has two or more mutually exclusive values or properties” (Sevilla and Other,

1988).

The phenomenon of variety is what makes life

interesting; it is one of the motivating factors of the research undertaking.

vary

root of word of variable, means can change

Bernard (1994)

Variable defines as something that can take more than one value, and values can be words or

numbers.

Cresswell 2002

VARIABLE specifically refers to characteristics, or attribute of an individual or an organization that can be

measured or observed and that varies among the people or organization being studied

CONTINUOUS VARIABLES

A variable that can take infinite number on the value that can occur within the

population. Its values can be divided into fractions. AGE HEIGHT TEMPERATURE

INTERVAL VARIABLES

It have values that lie along an evenly dispersed range of numbers. It is a

measurement where the difference between two values does have meaning. NET WORTH, TEEEMPERATURE, NON-ABSOLUTE ZERO

RATIO VARIABLES

It have values that lie along an evenly dispersed range of numbers when there is

absolute zero. HEIGHT WEIGHT DISTANCE

DISCRETE VARIABLES

This is also known as categorical or classificatory variable. This is any variable that has

limited number of distinct values and which cannot be divided into fractions like sex, blood group, and number of

children in family.

NOMINAL VARIABLE

It represent categories that cannot be ordered in any particular way. It is a variable

with no quantitative value.

dichotomous.

sub-type of nominal scale with only two categories just like sex

ORDINAL VARIABLE

– It represent categories that can be ordered from greatest to smallest. This variable

has two or more categories which can be ranked. EEDUCATION LEEVEL, INCOME BRACKET, 1-5 SURVEYS

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

Those that probably cause, influence, or affect outcomes. They are invariably called

treatment, manipulated, antecedent or predictor variables.

DEPENDENT VARIABLES

those that depend on the independent variables; they are the outcomes or results of

the influence of the independent variable. That is why it is also called outcome variable.

INTERVENING OR MEDLING VARIABLES

Variables that “stand between” the independent and dependent

variables, and they show the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable.

CONTROL VARIABLES

A special types of independent variables that are measured in the study because they

potentially influence the dependent variable.

CONFOUNDING VARIABLES

Variables that are not actually measured or observed in a study. They exist but

their influence cannot be directly detected in a study. Researchers comment on the influence of confounding

variables after the study has been completed,