PROKARYOTES, UEKARYOTES, AND ARCHAE

Sporogenesis/sporulation

The process of forming spores.

Germination

When a spore starts to grow and become active.

Introns

A part of genetic material that does not contain instructions for making proteins.

Cytoskeleton

Cytoplasmic elements which includes keratin and other microfibrils that functions as supportive system.

Prokaryotes

Do not contain nucleus, organelles (mitochondria, endoplasmic reti, Golgi apparatus).

Cytoplasm or Cytoplasmic membrane.

Prokaryotes

All the functions of this organisms take place in the ______ or ______ ______.

Cell envelope

It is composed of an outer membrane (gram-negative bacteria), cell wall, periplasm (gram-negative bacteria), and plasma membrane.

Cell wall

It is composed of disaccharide pentapeptide subunits and teichoic acid or lipoteichoic acid.

TRUE

Cell wall

T/F

Its synthesis and structure have been the primary target of antimicrobial agents. Functions of cell wall

Cell wall

T/F

It prevents bacterial cells from rupturing when the osmotic pressure inside the cell is greater than the pressure outside the cell.

point of anchorage for flagella

Cell wall

It serves as a ____ __ _____ for ______.

Gram-positive cell wall

It is composed of a very thick protective peptidoglycan (murein) layer.

penicillin & peptidoglycan

It is the primary target of antimicrobial agents, like _____ , which prevents the synthesis of ______.

Gram-negative cell wall

It has porins that contribute to the permeability of the cell wall.

No teichoic acid

Does Gram-negative cell wall have Teichoic acid or no?

Acid-fast cell wall

Mycolic acid has a strong hydrophobic structure that affects the permeability of the acid-fast cell wall.

waxy layer of glycolipids and fatty acids.

Acid-fast cell wall contains?

mycoplasma and ureaplasma

Example of prokaryotes that do not have cell wall

Endospores/asexual spores (

These are small, dormant structures located inside the bacterial cell.

FALSE

They aid in the survival of bacteria against external conditions.

T/F

Endospores/asexual spores do not aid in the survival of bacteria against external conditions.

within vegetative cells of some gram-positive bacteria.

Where Endospores/asexual spores produced?

Terminal spore

clostridium tetani

Subterminal spore

clostridium botulinum

Central spore

bacillus anthracis

It is composed of proteins, phospholipids, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Outer membrane/wall is composed of?

Outer membrane/wall

It is vital in invading the host defense

negative charg

Outer membrane/wall

The strong _____ _____ of the outer membrane is an important factor in invading phagocytosis.

endotoxin.

Outer membrane/wall also consider as an endotoxin or exotoxin?.

1. Lipid a (endotoxin, major component)

2. Core polysaccharide

3. Antigenic o-specific polysaccharide

3 regions of LPS:

TRUE

Outer membrane/wall

T/F

Acts as a barrier to toxic substances that prevents movements inside the cell.

Inner membrane/wall

It is composed of a thin peptidoglycan layer, which is the reason for its high susceptibility to mechanical breakage.

Plasma membrane

It has the deepest layer of the cell envelope.

phospholipid bilayer & lipoproteins

Plasma membrane

It consists of a ______ _____ that surrounds the cytoplasm, and the layer is embedded with ________.

mitochondria, golgi complexes, and lysosomes.

Plasma membrane functions as

TRUE

Plasma membrane

T/F

It regulates the transport of solutes across the membrane as well as the generation of chemical energy (ATP).

Ribosome (non-membranous structure)

It is the site of protein biosynthesis and gives the cytoplasm a granular structure.

Genome

It appears as a diffused nucleoid or chromatin body that is attached to a mesosome (sac-like structure).

Plasmid

It is an extrachromosomal, double stranded element of DNA that is associated with virulence.

vertical transfer & horizontal transfer

Plasmid

It is a self-replicating cellular structure that may be transferred to a daughter cell (_____ ______) or may be transferred asexually through conjugation (_____ _____).

daughter cell & asexually through conjugation

Plasmid

It is a self-replicating cellular structure that may be transferred to a ______ _____ (vertical transfer) or may be transferred _____ _____ _____ (horizontal transfer).

FALSE

It is not essential for bacterial growth thus, a bacterial cell may or may not contain a plasmid.

Plasmid

T/F

It is essential for bacterial growth thus, a bacterial cell may contain a plasmid.

Large plasmid

Responsible for the production of beta lactamases and provide resistance to beta lactam and antibiotic like penicillin and oxacillin.

tetracycline and chloramphenicol.

Small plasmid

Resistance to _______ and _______.

Inclusion bodies

Serve as energy source or food source of bacteria.

They are composed mainly of polysaccharides, which lessen osmotic pressure.

Inclusion bodies composed of?

Glycocalyx

Outward complex of polysaccharide of bacterial surface and other cell

Capsule

Slime layer

Types of glycocalyx

Capsule

It is an organized material that is firmly attached to the cell wall.

Mostly made of polysaccharide polymers, protects the bacteria or its virulence factor from the human defense

Capsule is made up of?

Slime layer

It is an unorganized material that is loosely attached to the cell wall.

Slime layer

Flagellum (organ of locomotion of bacteria)

Exterior protein filaments or flagellin that rotates and causes bacteria to be motile or move inside the body

Without flagellum

Atrichous

Monotrichous

Singel flagellum on one end

Amphitrichous

Lophotrichous

Group of flagella on one or both end

Flagellum spread all over the surface

Peritrichous

Pili (fimbriae)

2 micrometer in length that extend in the cell membrane to the external environment.

Hair-like proteinaceous structures made up of the protein pilin

Pili (fimbriae)

_____ ___ ______ structures made up of the protein ____

Common/somatic pili

Sex pili

Types of pili

Common/somatic pili

They are the organ of attachment-aid in the attachment of bacteria to tissues and surfaces.

FALSE

They are considered a virulence factor.

T/F

Common/somatic pili They are not considered a virulence factor.

Sex pili

They are an essential part of the genetic transfer/conjugation process.

E. coli

Example of sex pili

Eukaryotes

These are cells of higher plants, animals, fungi, protozoa, and other morphologically complex and larger organisms than prokaryotes.

They contain many membrane-bound organelles such as nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body, mitochondria, and lysosomes, in which cellular functions are performed.

Eukaryotes contains?

The cellular structures of archaea include the cell wall, plasma membrane, ribosomes, and flagella.

The cellular structures of archaea include?

These organisms are classified as aerobes, facultative anaerobes, or obligate anaerobes.