Comprehensive Study Guide: Gandhi, China, and Postwar Decolonization

What moral philosophy did Mohandas Gandhi embrace during his time in South Africa?

Tolerance and nonviolence (ahimsa)

What technique of passive resistance did Gandhi develop?

Satyagraha (truth and firmness)

What title was given to Mohandas Gandhi, meaning 'great soul'?

Mahatma

Who was the head of the Muslim League that warned of a unified India threatening Muslims?

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

What was the outcome of Jinnah's advocacy for Indian Muslims?

The creation of Pakistan in 1947 and he wanted one India for indian muslims

What led to the partition of British-ruled India after World War II?

The division into two independent nations: India for Hindus and Pakistan for Muslims

What conference led to the formation of the Nonaligned Movement?

The Bandung Conference

Who ended the Qing dynasty and created a new republic in China?

Sun Yat-sen

What political party did Sun Yat-sen want to continue ruling China?

The Nationalist Party (Guomindang)

Who took over the Nationalist Party after Sun Yat-sen's death?

Chiang Kai-shek

What significant event did the Communists undertake to escape attacks from the Nationalists?

The Long March

Who emerged as the leader of the Chinese Communist movement during the Long March?

Mao Zedong

What happened to the Nationalist government after World War II?

They fled to the island of Taiwan

What was the focus of China's first Five-Year Plan introduced in 1955?

Expansion of heavy industry at the expense of consumer goods

What was the Great Leap Forward?

A campaign by Mao to collectivize all land and business enterprises, which ultimately failed

What was the goal of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution implemented in 1966?

To root out foreign, bourgeois, or anticommunist values in Chinese life

What were the consequences of the Cultural Revolution for China?

It cost years of stable development and gutted the educational system

Who came to power in China in 1981 and moderated Mao's policies?

Deng Xiaoping

What role did President Nixon play in U.S.-China relations?

He helped to normalize relations with China

What was a significant outcome of Deng Xiaoping's policies?

Opening Chinese society to global trade and dramatic economic growth

What was the status of the Communist Party under Deng Xiaoping?

It continued to tightly control the government with no signs of permitting democracy

What global process transformed the postwar world alongside the Cold War?

Decolonization

Which European country held onto its colonies the longest?

Portugal

Who helped to defeat Japan's occupation of Vietnam during World War II?

Ho Chi Minh

What was the outcome of Ho Chi Minh's struggle against the French in Vietnam?

He and his Communist followers defeated the French

What was decided at the Geneva Conference regarding Vietnam?

North Vietnam would be controlled by Communists and South Vietnam would remain noncommunist

Which countries provided aid to North and South Vietnam during the Vietnam War?

North Vietnam received aid from the Soviet Union and China; South Vietnam received aid from the U.S.

What was the outcome of the Vietnam War in 1975?

North Vietnam conquered South Vietnam and united the country under a communist government