Anatomy Honors Audio and ELISA Test Review

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34 Terms

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hypertonic

higher amount of solute (concentration) outside the cell meaning less solute inside cell, solute will move into cell (swell up)

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hypotonic

lower amount of solute (concentration) outside the cell meaning more solute inside the cell, solute will move out of the cell (shrivel up)

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isotonic

the osmotic pressures are the same and there is equal concentration

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simple diffusion

unassisted process, solute is small enough to move through pores or lipid soluble, driven by kinetic energy, follows a concentration gradient

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osmosis

simple diffusion of water, polar water easily crosses membrane and hydrates cell, driven by kinetic energy, follows concentration gradient, water is an electron acceptor after cellular respiration

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filtration

water and solutes that are too big go through a channel, passive transport and moves with gradient, relies on kinetic, anything about pressure, forces water to go inside the cell to balance

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facilitated diffusion

protein in the cell membrane that allows bigger molecules to pass through, follow kinetic energy and concentration gradient

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solute pumping

transports amino acids, some sugars, and Na+ through the plasma membrane, requires ATP, proceeds against a concentration gradient, requires a carrier

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membrane transport

movement of substance in and out of the cell

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kinetic energy

energy from the molecules bouncing off of each other to become uniform

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solvent

dissolving medium (commonly water), blood

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solutes

components in smaller quantities within a solution, the things within the blood (like oxygen)

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passive transport

type of transport where no energy is required

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active transport

type of transport where the cell must provide metabolic energy

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intracellular fluid

inside the cell, nucleoplasm and cytosol

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interstitial fluid (extracellular fluid)

fluid on the exterior of the cell

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plasma membrane

lipid bilayer constructed so that the cells don't swell up but also not so many hydrophobic tails that it repels water

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selective permeability

the plasma membrane allows some things to pass while excluding others, need to diffuse passively so they can get to where they need to go to create ATP and get CO2 out

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anatomy

study of the structure of the body, to cut apart the body into different structures

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physiology

what the different parts of the body do and the nature of them, the function

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levels of structure

macromolecule level -> cellular level -> histology -> organ level -> organ system level

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histology

studying tissues

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homeostasis

maintaining a stable internal environment, there is a range

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receptor

senses (including equilibrium), receives stimulus and sends to control center

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control center

determines set point (homeostatic range), analyzes and determines appropriate response and ships it out

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effector

carries out response

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negative feedback

most common, gets closer to goal then shuts off, similar to thermostat, homeostatic control that alters our internal condition

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positive feedback

initial response triggers greater response then greater, ex: birth of a baby contractions get bigger

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body communication system

receptor (stimuli) -> (through afferent pathway/nerves) control center -> (through efferent pathway/nerves) effector (response to stimuli)

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endocrine vs nervous system

endocrine is slow acting and nervous is fast acting (by the second)

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antigen

substance that triggers an immune response, protein ids

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antibody

neutralizes or marks foreign antigens for destruction, proteins produced by the body

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chromagen and conjugate

enzymes that are added, if there is an antibody then they will link and create a 4-substance bond

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elisa test

hiv test, detecting if any antigens are being flagged as foreign by antibodies and if so which ones, we dilute the blood so the number of antibodies can be determined and to tell you when the virus was contracted