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hypertonic
higher amount of solute (concentration) outside the cell meaning less solute inside cell, solute will move into cell (swell up)
hypotonic
lower amount of solute (concentration) outside the cell meaning more solute inside the cell, solute will move out of the cell (shrivel up)
isotonic
the osmotic pressures are the same and there is equal concentration
simple diffusion
unassisted process, solute is small enough to move through pores or lipid soluble, driven by kinetic energy, follows a concentration gradient
osmosis
simple diffusion of water, polar water easily crosses membrane and hydrates cell, driven by kinetic energy, follows concentration gradient, water is an electron acceptor after cellular respiration
filtration
water and solutes that are too big go through a channel, passive transport and moves with gradient, relies on kinetic, anything about pressure, forces water to go inside the cell to balance
facilitated diffusion
protein in the cell membrane that allows bigger molecules to pass through, follow kinetic energy and concentration gradient
solute pumping
transports amino acids, some sugars, and Na+ through the plasma membrane, requires ATP, proceeds against a concentration gradient, requires a carrier
membrane transport
movement of substance in and out of the cell
kinetic energy
energy from the molecules bouncing off of each other to become uniform
solvent
dissolving medium (commonly water), blood
solutes
components in smaller quantities within a solution, the things within the blood (like oxygen)
passive transport
type of transport where no energy is required
active transport
type of transport where the cell must provide metabolic energy
intracellular fluid
inside the cell, nucleoplasm and cytosol
interstitial fluid (extracellular fluid)
fluid on the exterior of the cell
plasma membrane
lipid bilayer constructed so that the cells don't swell up but also not so many hydrophobic tails that it repels water
selective permeability
the plasma membrane allows some things to pass while excluding others, need to diffuse passively so they can get to where they need to go to create ATP and get CO2 out
anatomy
study of the structure of the body, to cut apart the body into different structures
physiology
what the different parts of the body do and the nature of them, the function
levels of structure
macromolecule level -> cellular level -> histology -> organ level -> organ system level
histology
studying tissues
homeostasis
maintaining a stable internal environment, there is a range
receptor
senses (including equilibrium), receives stimulus and sends to control center
control center
determines set point (homeostatic range), analyzes and determines appropriate response and ships it out
effector
carries out response
negative feedback
most common, gets closer to goal then shuts off, similar to thermostat, homeostatic control that alters our internal condition
positive feedback
initial response triggers greater response then greater, ex: birth of a baby contractions get bigger
body communication system
receptor (stimuli) -> (through afferent pathway/nerves) control center -> (through efferent pathway/nerves) effector (response to stimuli)
endocrine vs nervous system
endocrine is slow acting and nervous is fast acting (by the second)
antigen
substance that triggers an immune response, protein ids
antibody
neutralizes or marks foreign antigens for destruction, proteins produced by the body
chromagen and conjugate
enzymes that are added, if there is an antibody then they will link and create a 4-substance bond
elisa test
hiv test, detecting if any antigens are being flagged as foreign by antibodies and if so which ones, we dilute the blood so the number of antibodies can be determined and to tell you when the virus was contracted