physics (voltage)

what is potential difference

the difference in electrical potential energy per unit of charge between two points in a circuit, measured in volts (V).

currents in curcuits

the flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A), and can be calculated using formulas like

𝐼=𝑉/𝑅

what is a series curcuit

• All components are connected one after another (like one long chain).

• There is only one path for current to flow.

what is a parrallel curcuit

• Components are connected side by side, like branches.

• There are multiple paths for the current to flow.

Current in Series

• Same current flows through every component.

• If one part breaks → whole circuit stops working (like old Christmas lights).

Current in Parallel

• Current splits between branches.

• Total current = sum of all branch currents.

• If one branch breaks → others still work.

Voltage in Series

• Voltage is shared between components.

• Total voltage of battery = sum of voltages across each component.

example of voltage (series)

Battery = 9V
Bulb1 gets 5V, Bulb2 gets 4V → total = 9V

example of voltage (paraaelle)

Battery = 9V
Each bulb in parallel gets 9V.

Voltage in Parallel

• Same voltage across every branch.

• Each component gets full battery voltage.