Nutrition through the Life Cycle: From Pregnancy to the Toddler Years

This set of vocabulary flashcards covers the human life cycle stages, prenatal development, pregnancy nutrition requirements, lactation, and nutritional needs for infants and toddlers based on the Chapter 12 lecture notes.

Prenatal stage

The developmental phase where a fertilized egg evolves into an embryo and then into a fetus.

Infancy

The earliest stage of childhood spanning from birth through age $1$ year.

Toddler years

The developmental stage occurring between the ages of $1$ and $3$ years.

Puberty

The start of adolescence, typically occurring between the ages of $10$ and $13$ years.

Middle age

The period of adulthood extending from age $40$ to $65$.

Zygote

A fertilized ovum.

Embryo

The term for a developing human from the time a zygote divides until the $10^{th}$ week of pregnancy.

Fetus

The developmental stage from the end of the $10^{th}$ week of pregnancy until birth.

Fontanels

Two soft spots on an infant's skull that allow for rapid brain growth.

Ossification

The process during the toddler years where bone tissue gradually replaces cartilage and bone density increases.

Pregnancy Weight Gain (Normal BMI)

The recommended weight gain of $25-35$ lbs for individuals with a prepregnancy BMI between $18.5$ and $24.9$.

Second Trimester Energy Needs

An additional intake of $340$ calories per day is recommended during this phase of pregnancy.

Third Trimester Energy Needs

An additional intake of $450$ calories per day is recommended during this phase of pregnancy.

Gestational hypertension

A condition characterized by high blood pressure during the second half of pregnancy.

Preeclampsia

A pregnancy complication involving high blood pressure and high levels of protein in the urine.

Gestational diabetes

Glucose intolerance that begins during pregnancy and can increase the risk of type $2$ diabetes later in life.

Failure-to-thrive (FTT)

A condition of inadequate growth or weight gain that often occurs before one year of age.

Lactation

The medical term for the process of producing and secreting breast milk.

Colostrum

The initial fluid produced after birth that is high in minerals, fat-soluble vitamins, and immunoglobulins.

Foremilk

The milk released at the beginning of a feeding, containing water, protein, and vitamins.

Hindmilk

The milk released at the end of a feeding, which contains higher fat levels necessary for weight gain.

Early childhood caries

A dental disorder marked by decay within the primary teeth.

Food jag

A behavior in young children characterized by insisting on eating the same foods repeatedly.

Infant Fluid Requirement

A high fluid need of $1.5\,mL$ per kilocalorie consumed.