Honors Anatomy - Ch.13 Respiratory System

Stig Severinsen

What is the name of the man that holds the world record for holding his breath?

Purify, humidify, warm incoming air

Main functions of the respiratory system (hint: PHW)

Conducting region

This is the region from the nasal cavity to the bronchioles

Conducting region

Where does purification, humidifying, and warming of incoming air occur?

Gas exchange

This exchange between the blood and external environment occurs in the alveoli of the lungs

Respiratory region

This region is also known as the alveoli of the lungs

Nares

Another name for the external nostrils

Olfactory receptors

• Receptors that relay information from odorant molecules to your brain

• Located in the mucosa on the superior surface

Moistens air, traps incoming foreign particles

What is the function of mucosa? (hint: MT)

Goblet cells

Cells found in the mucous membranes of the respiratory and intestinal tracts that produce and secrete mucus

Nasal conchae

Curved, bony structures protruding from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

Increase surface area, increase air turbulence within the nasal cavity

Functions of the nasal conchae (hint: II)

Palate

The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the ___

Sinuses

Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity

Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary

What are the four paranasal sinuses?

Lighten the skull, aid in speech production, produce mucus

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses? (hint: LAP)

Pharynx/throat

Muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

What are the three regions of the pharynx?

Pharynx/throat

Frontal sinus

Green

Ethmoid sinus

Blue

Maxillary sinus

Purple

Sphenoid sinus

Red

Nasopharynx

Superior region behind nasal cavity (blue)

Nasopharynx

Blue

Oropharynx

Middle region behind mouth (green)

Oropharynx

Green

Laryngopharynx

Inferior region attached to larynx (purple)

Laryngopharynx

Purple

Oropharynx, laryngopharynx

The ___ and ___ are common passageways for air and food

Pharyngotympanic tubes

Tubes that open into the nasopharynx

Pharyngeal, palatine, lingual

What are the three tonsils of the pharynx?

Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)

• Tonsil that is located in the nasopharynx (similar to lymph nodes to help fight infections)

• Red

Pharyngeal tonsil

Red

Palatine tonsils

Green

Lingual tonsil

Yellow

Lingual tonsil

• Tonsils that are found at the base of the tongue

• Yellow

Palatine tonsils

• Tonsils that are located in the oropharynx

• Green

Larynx/voice box

• Structure that routes air and food into proper channels

• Plays a role in speech, swallowing, breathing, coughing, & vomiting (original role was to protect lungs)

• Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage (epiglottis)

• Orange

Larynx/voice box

Orange

Speech, swallowing, breathing, coughing, vomiting

What does the larynx play a role in? (hint: SSBCV)

Epiglottis

• Spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage

• Protects the superior opening of the larynx

• Routes food to the posteriorly situated esophagus and routes air toward the trachea

• When swallowing, rises and forms a lid over the opening of the larynx

Epiglottis

Thyroid cartilage

• Largest of the hyaline cartilages of the larynx

• Protrudes anteriorly (Adam’s apple)

Laryngeal prominence

Another name for the Adam’s apple

Testosterone

Why is the laryngeal prominence larger in males than in females?

Chondrolaryngoplast/tracheal or laryngeal shave

Surgical procedure in which the thyroid cartilage is reduced in size by shaving down the cartilage through an incision in the throat, generally to aid those who are uncomfortable with the girth of their Adam’s apple

Vocal folds

• True vocal cords

• Vibrate with expelled air

• Grey-ish section

Glottis

The part of the larynx consisting of the vocal cords and the slit-like pathway between them

Pitch

Rate of vibration, size and tension on cords

Volume

Amount of air passing through vocal folds

Tobacco, vitamin deficiency, alcohol, HPV infections, acid reflux, asbestos exposure

Risk factors of laryngeal cancer (hint: TVAHAA)

Sore throat, change of voice, hoarseness, pain, cough, breathing problems, weight loss, bleeding

Symptoms of laryngeal cancer (hint: SCHPCBWB)

Laryngectomy

Surgical removal of the larynx

Trachea/windpipe

• 4-inch-long tube that connects larynx with bronchi

• Walls are reinforced with C-shaped hyaline cartilage, which keeps it patent

• Lined with ciliated mucosa

C-shaped hyaline cartilage

What are the walls of the trachea reinforced with?

Ciliated mucosa

What is the trachea lined with?

Trachea/windpipe

Primary bronchi

• Formed by division of the trachea

• Each bronchus enters the lung at the hilum (medial depression)

• Right bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than left

• Bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches

Hilum

Medial depression at which each bronchus enters the lungs

Mediastinum

Central portion of the thoracic cavity that the heart inhabits

Near the clavicle

Where is the apex of the lungs locateD?

Diaphragm

What does the base of the lungs rest on?

Fissures

Each lung is divided into lobes by ___

5, 3, 2

How many lobes does a human lung have? How many are from the right lung? How many are from the left lung?

7, 4, 3

How many lobes does a pig lung have? How many are from the right lung? How many are from the left lung?

6, 4, 2

How many lobes does a dog lung have? How many are from the right lung? How many are from the left lung?

Serosa

Covers the outer surface of the lungs

Visceral pleura

Serous layer that covers the lung surface

Parietal pleura

Serous layer that lines the walls of the thoracic cavity

Pleural fluid

Fills the area between layers to allow gliding and decrease friction during breathing

Pleural cavity

Cavity found between the serous layers of the lungs

Horizontal fissure

Which fissure divides the right superior and middle lobes?

Oblique fissure

Which fissure divides the right middle and inferior lobes?

Oblique fissure

Which fissure divides the left superior and inferior lobes?

Primary bronchi → secondary bronchi → tertiary bronchi → bronchioles → terminal bronchioles → respiratory bronchioles

Bronchial tree divisions from largest to smallest (use →)

Bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveolus

Respiratory zone structures (hint: BAAA)

Alveolus

Air sacs with alveolar pores (singular)

Alveolar sacs

Cluster of alveoli

Alveoli

Air sacs with alveolar pores (plural)

Respiratory membrane

• Creates an air-blood barrier (on one side of the membrane is air, and on the other side is blood flowing past)

• Formed by alveolar and capillary walls

Alveolar pores

Connect neighboring air sacs

Pulmonary capillaries

Cover external surfaces of alveoli and exchange gases between the alveoli and the blood

Type I

Type of alveolar cell involved in gas exchange

Type II

Type of alveolar cell that produces surfactant

Alveolar macrophages

“Dust cells” that add protection by picking up bacteria, carbon particles, and other debris

Surfactant

A lipid molecule that coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces

Tidal volume (TV)

Amount of air that you move in and out of your lungs while breathing normally

500mL

How much air does normal breathing typically move with each breath? (TV)

Size, sex, age, physical condition

Which factors affect respiratory capacity? (hint: SSAP)

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

Amount of air drawn into lungs after a normal respiration cycle

3000mL

What is the typically amount of air drawn into the lungs after a normal respiration cycle? (IC)

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume

3100mL

What is the typical amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume? (IRV)

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration

1200mL

What is the typical amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration? (ERV)

Tidal volume (TV)

Yellow

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Orange

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Green

Residual volume (RV)

Purple