Studied by 22 people
What did Botha realise about Apartheid
That elements of Apartheid had not been affective
What were the reforms meant to do
Not end white power but to preserve it
What did Botha’s Government continue to do with the homeland policy
Continue to invest large amounts in the hope to make them viable
What was one of Botha’s strategies to draw politicians into the Tricameral parliament
Winning black allies and giving them greater political responsibility
What did the Community Council Act of 1977 do
Created new urban, black councils that could absorb and defuse discontent
What did most urban voters refuse to do
Participate in elections that they saw as fraudulent
Who was Sam Buti
Government member from Alexandra who tried to use new powers to improve conditions in the townships
What did many other people see the new councils as
Ways to route central government financial resources that were being channelled to townships
By the 1980s what was it clear that urban councils would have to do
Increase rents if they wanted to improve living conditions or offer public services
What were a lot of the councillors on the new councils seen as
“Sell-outs”, seen as betraying their communities by doing the governments dirty work
What were many organisations concerned about with Botha
That he was finding allies in Black Urban Councils and Coloured Labour Party
What was created that went against Botha’s measures
A United Democratic Front (UDF)
When was the UDF’s first rally held
August 1983, Mitchell’s Plain in Cape Town
Why was Mitchell’s Plain chosen to host the first rally of the UDF
Emphasise the non-racial character of the new movement
Who were some key figures who were part of the UDF
Winnie Mandela
Albertina Sisulu
What did the UDF adopt
The Freedom Charter
What was the UDF instrumental in organising
Boycotts of Botha’s Indian and Coloured Parliments
What impact did the boycotts of the parliaments have on votes
13% of Indian Voters and 18% of Coloured Voters actually voted
Rendering them inoperable
What was the UDF an affiliation of
Grass roots movements like:
Trade Unions
Church Groups
Student Organisations
Residents Associations
Community Groups
In 1983 who did COSAS align with
UDF
What happened the day that the tricameral parliament opened in Cape Town
Uprising against the government erupted in the Vaal Triangle
What happened after September 3rd 1984
This type of violence became engrained as a new type of political protest
How did the Youth have an upper hand with their violent protests
They had a deep knowledge of the backstreets and safe houses
What did COSAS call for during 1984-85
A renewed school boycott
What did school children want to secure
“Liberation before Education”
What did the ANC call the people to do in 1984
“Make the country ungovernable”
What is Radio Freedom
ANC’s radio station which helped to shape the consciousness and language of the militant youth
How many did a bomb outside of South African Air Force headquarters kill and injure
19 dead
200 injuries
How many attacks did the MK carry out in 1985
137
What did popular mobilisation leave behind
Black Consciousness
Why did the “Six day war” break out in Alexandra
Death of Michael Diradang
What happened in Alexandra after the night vigil on 14th February
A policeman was stabbed
How many did police teargas and fire on in Alexandra
4000
What did the army do to the township of Alexandra
Surround and seal it off
Who did the youth use necklacing on
Against those who broke consumer boycotts or people reluctant to revolt
What was Winnie Mandela quoted in saying
“With our boxes of matches and necklaces we will liberate this country”
What happened in Sekhukuneland
Accused people of witchcraft and killed 32
What did Botha declare in 1985
A state of emergency
How many troops moved into Alexandra in 1986 to make arrests
1500
What happened to the Black Councils
They were dispensed
What did Botha create following the violence
Joint Management Committees
In 1985 what did American banks refuse
To renew South African loans
What happened to the currency after investors lost faith in Botha
The currency slumped
What did even Ronald Reagan begin supporting
Disinvestment policies
What was happening to the Free Mandela movement
Gathering steam with his 70th Birthday being held at Wembley Stadium
What could the Central government no longer control
Political developments in the homelands or townships
What was White Consumer Culture and Standards of Living still
Very comfortable
What did the Government began contemplating
The possibility of a negotiated settlement
What happened to Botha in 1989
Suffered a stroke
By what percentage did De Klerk win with
48% of the white vote
What did De Klerk believe about military polcies
Become too central to the decision making process
What did De Klerk do when he first came to power
Reduced military budgets
Curtailed influence of the State Security Council and Joint Management Systems
What was De Klerk keener to do than Botha
Find compromises and act as a political peacemaker
What was a result of the Fall of the Berlin Wall
Gorbachev withdrew from Africa
Western need for a regional, anti-Communist policeman ended
What did all the parties agree to at the end of 1991
A first round of formal negotiations
What were the negotiations called
Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA)
Where did CODESA take place
World Trade Centre in Johannesburg
What did CODESA not involve which was distincitve
External mediation
What was the governments main aims of CODESA
Devise a constitutional strategy that protected minorities.
Gave whites a constitutional veto
What power did the National Party still possess
The power to repress black political protests
How much did the police force increase to from 1981 to 1991
1981: 49,000
1991: 93,600
What were common police tactics
Mass arrests, Imprisonment, Banning Orders
What were there some cases of the police doing
Kidnapping, Torture, Death
What happened in KwaZulu
Buthelezi suppressed school boycotts and developed a Youth Brigade
What was one of the most devasting conflicts that took place in the homelands
Between Inkartha-linked vigilantes and Mpondo people. Well over 100 dead
How many died in 3 years of the township carnage
4000
How did Matanzima control Transkei
Arrested opposition leaders
Public Safety Act 1977: Gave him almost unlimited powers
What did Botha’s “Total Strategy” aim to use
Reform in order to appease criticism and mounting unrest
What had the government started to relax
Some aspects of Apartheid such as pass laws
How did Botha try and restore order in South Africa
By turning to his generals and using the military
What was created after Botha bypassed the Tricameral Parliament
State Security Council
What did the State Security Council bring in
Joint Management Centres which combined Military, Police and Officials
By 1989 what was the ANC largely committed to
Negotiations
Who in the ANC was freed from prison in 1989
Walter Sisulu, Raymond Mhlaba, Ahmed Kathrada
What did the bulk of whites no longer support
Apartheid as a formal policy
What did De Klerk do before consulting the parliament
Freed Mandela, Unbanned political parties: ANC, PAC, CP
How big was the crowd that gathered in Soweto’s FNB stadium after the unbanning
120,000
What did Mandela become after Tambo fell in 1991
Acting president of the ANC and then got voted in as leader
In March 1991 what happened to the UDF
Disbanded, had been mainly folded into the ANC
Who did Mandela try to get the support from in 1990s
Homeland Chiefs
In Mandela’s first public address what did he call De Klerk
A man of integrity
Where did many whites think that African loyalties were
Ethnic or tribal
What legislation did De Klerk revoke and stop policing as much in June 1990
Separate Reservation of Amenities Act
Breaches of Group Areas Act were policed less fiercely
How did the ANC compromise with the National Party
By suspending the armed struggle in August 1990
What did De Klerk acknowledge but not apologise for
Acknowledged that a system of separate development had not worked
Did not apologise for Apartheid
What was a concern for De Klerk
That the ANC would not publicly reject sanctions
Why did the ANC not want to publicly reject sanctions
They felt it was an important negotiating tool
How did De Klerk act contradicting to what the ANC thought
After assuming that freedom for political exiles and prisoners was given. De Klerk arrested key members of CP and MK
Why did De Klerk arrest key members of the MK and CP
Thought that the ANC had reneged on it’s promise to suspend the armed struggle
How did the ANC respond after key members of the MK and CP were arrested
They argued that they had suspended not abandoned armed struggle and wanted to be prepared if talks fell through
What did Mandela and Buthelezi do in 1991 to try and stop the violence in Natal
They met and an accord was reached but neither side kept to it
How many died within three days of fighting in March 1991
45
What did Mandela accuse De Klerk of doing
Colluding or orchestrating violence by police and vigilantes in order to divide black society
What was the term “third force”
Used by the ANC to describe hidden network of provocateurs linked to government security forces
What was the evidence that emerged to prove “third force”
Inkatha supporters were trained directly by the South African Government
What did the ANC do after finding out about “Third Force”
Suspended talks
What laws did De Klerk revoke to try and keep up momentum following “Third Force” scandal
Population Registration Act
Natives Land Act
Group Areas Act
What atmosphere was still between ANC and National Party following Third Force
Deep suspicion
How did CODESA negotiations start badly
Highly public spat between De Klerk and Mandela
How did the public spat between De Klerk and Mandela start
De Klerk publicly condemned the ANC for not disbanding the MK
Note 
Flashcard (41)