South Africa Chapter 4

Not in the correct order!

What did Botha realise about Apartheid

That elements of Apartheid had not been affective

What were the reforms meant to do

Not end white power but to preserve it

What did Botha’s Government continue to do with the homeland policy

Continue to invest large amounts in the hope to make them viable

What was one of Botha’s strategies to draw politicians into the Tricameral parliament

Winning black allies and giving them greater political responsibility

What did the Community Council Act of 1977 do

Created new urban, black councils that could absorb and defuse discontent

What did most urban voters refuse to do

Participate in elections that they saw as fraudulent

Who was Sam Buti

Government member from Alexandra who tried to use new powers to improve conditions in the townships

What did many other people see the new councils as

Ways to route central government financial resources that were being channelled to townships

By the 1980s what was it clear that urban councils would have to do

Increase rents if they wanted to improve living conditions or offer public services

What were a lot of the councillors on the new councils seen as

“Sell-outs”, seen as betraying their communities by doing the governments dirty work

What were many organisations concerned about with Botha

That he was finding allies in Black Urban Councils and Coloured Labour Party

What was created that went against Botha’s measures

A United Democratic Front (UDF)

When was the UDF’s first rally held

August 1983, Mitchell’s Plain in Cape Town

Why was Mitchell’s Plain chosen to host the first rally of the UDF

Emphasise the non-racial character of the new movement

Who were some key figures who were part of the UDF

Winnie Mandela

Albertina Sisulu

What did the UDF adopt

The Freedom Charter

What was the UDF instrumental in organising

Boycotts of Botha’s Indian and Coloured Parliments

What impact did the boycotts of the parliaments have on votes

13% of Indian Voters and 18% of Coloured Voters actually voted

Rendering them inoperable

What was the UDF an affiliation of

Grass roots movements like:

Trade Unions

Church Groups

Student Organisations

Residents Associations

Community Groups

In 1983 who did COSAS align with

UDF

What happened the day that the tricameral parliament opened in Cape Town

Uprising against the government erupted in the Vaal Triangle

What happened after September 3rd 1984

This type of violence became engrained as a new type of political protest

How did the Youth have an upper hand with their violent protests

They had a deep knowledge of the backstreets and safe houses

What did COSAS call for during 1984-85

A renewed school boycott

What did school children want to secure

“Liberation before Education”

What did the ANC call the people to do in 1984

“Make the country ungovernable”

What is Radio Freedom

ANC’s radio station which helped to shape the consciousness and language of the militant youth

How many did a bomb outside of South African Air Force headquarters kill and injure

19 dead

200 injuries

How many attacks did the MK carry out in 1985

137

What did popular mobilisation leave behind

Black Consciousness

Why did the “Six day war” break out in Alexandra

Death of Michael Diradang

What happened in Alexandra after the night vigil on 14th February

A policeman was stabbed

How many did police teargas and fire on in Alexandra

4000

What did the army do to the township of Alexandra

Surround and seal it off

Who did the youth use necklacing on

Against those who broke consumer boycotts or people reluctant to revolt

What was Winnie Mandela quoted in saying

“With our boxes of matches and necklaces we will liberate this country”

What happened in Sekhukuneland

Accused people of witchcraft and killed 32

What did Botha declare in 1985

A state of emergency

How many troops moved into Alexandra in 1986 to make arrests

1500

What happened to the Black Councils

They were dispensed

What did Botha create following the violence

Joint Management Committees

In 1985 what did American banks refuse

To renew South African loans

What happened to the currency after investors lost faith in Botha

The currency slumped

What did even Ronald Reagan begin supporting

Disinvestment policies

What was happening to the Free Mandela movement

Gathering steam with his 70th Birthday being held at Wembley Stadium

What could the Central government no longer control

Political developments in the homelands or townships

What was White Consumer Culture and Standards of Living still

Very comfortable

What did the Government began contemplating

The possibility of a negotiated settlement

What happened to Botha in 1989

Suffered a stroke

By what percentage did De Klerk win with

48% of the white vote

What did De Klerk believe about military polcies

Become too central to the decision making process

What did De Klerk do when he first came to power

Reduced military budgets

Curtailed influence of the State Security Council and Joint Management Systems

What was De Klerk keener to do than Botha

Find compromises and act as a political peacemaker

What was a result of the Fall of the Berlin Wall

Gorbachev withdrew from Africa

Western need for a regional, anti-Communist policeman ended

What did all the parties agree to at the end of 1991

A first round of formal negotiations

What were the negotiations called

Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA)

Where did CODESA take place

World Trade Centre in Johannesburg

What did CODESA not involve which was distincitve

External mediation

What was the governments main aims of CODESA

Devise a constitutional strategy that protected minorities.

Gave whites a constitutional veto

What power did the National Party still possess

The power to repress black political protests

How much did the police force increase to from 1981 to 1991

1981: 49,000

1991: 93,600

What were common police tactics

Mass arrests, Imprisonment, Banning Orders

What were there some cases of the police doing

Kidnapping, Torture, Death

What happened in KwaZulu

Buthelezi suppressed school boycotts and developed a Youth Brigade

What was one of the most devasting conflicts that took place in the homelands

Between Inkartha-linked vigilantes and Mpondo people. Well over 100 dead

How many died in 3 years of the township carnage

4000

How did Matanzima control Transkei

Arrested opposition leaders

Public Safety Act 1977: Gave him almost unlimited powers

What did Botha’s “Total Strategy” aim to use

Reform in order to appease criticism and mounting unrest

What had the government started to relax

Some aspects of Apartheid such as pass laws

How did Botha try and restore order in South Africa

By turning to his generals and using the military

What was created after Botha bypassed the Tricameral Parliament

State Security Council

What did the State Security Council bring in

Joint Management Centres which combined Military, Police and Officials

By 1989 what was the ANC largely committed to

Negotiations

Who in the ANC was freed from prison in 1989

Walter Sisulu, Raymond Mhlaba, Ahmed Kathrada

What did the bulk of whites no longer support

Apartheid as a formal policy

What did De Klerk do before consulting the parliament

Freed Mandela, Unbanned political parties: ANC, PAC, CP

How big was the crowd that gathered in Soweto’s FNB stadium after the unbanning

120,000

What did Mandela become after Tambo fell in 1991

Acting president of the ANC and then got voted in as leader

In March 1991 what happened to the UDF

Disbanded, had been mainly folded into the ANC

Who did Mandela try to get the support from in 1990s

Homeland Chiefs

In Mandela’s first public address what did he call De Klerk

A man of integrity

Where did many whites think that African loyalties were

Ethnic or tribal

What legislation did De Klerk revoke and stop policing as much in June 1990

Separate Reservation of Amenities Act

Breaches of Group Areas Act were policed less fiercely

How did the ANC compromise with the National Party

By suspending the armed struggle in August 1990

What did De Klerk acknowledge but not apologise for

Acknowledged that a system of separate development had not worked

Did not apologise for Apartheid

What was a concern for De Klerk

That the ANC would not publicly reject sanctions

Why did the ANC not want to publicly reject sanctions

They felt it was an important negotiating tool

How did De Klerk act contradicting to what the ANC thought

After assuming that freedom for political exiles and prisoners was given. De Klerk arrested key members of CP and MK

Why did De Klerk arrest key members of the MK and CP

Thought that the ANC had reneged on it’s promise to suspend the armed struggle

How did the ANC respond after key members of the MK and CP were arrested

They argued that they had suspended not abandoned armed struggle and wanted to be prepared if talks fell through

What did Mandela and Buthelezi do in 1991 to try and stop the violence in Natal

They met and an accord was reached but neither side kept to it

How many died within three days of fighting in March 1991

45

What did Mandela accuse De Klerk of doing

Colluding or orchestrating violence by police and vigilantes in order to divide black society

What was the term “third force”

Used by the ANC to describe hidden network of provocateurs linked to government security forces

What was the evidence that emerged to prove “third force”

Inkatha supporters were trained directly by the South African Government

What did the ANC do after finding out about “Third Force”

Suspended talks

What laws did De Klerk revoke to try and keep up momentum following “Third Force” scandal

Population Registration Act

Natives Land Act

Group Areas Act

What atmosphere was still between ANC and National Party following Third Force

Deep suspicion

How did CODESA negotiations start badly

Highly public spat between De Klerk and Mandela

How did the public spat between De Klerk and Mandela start

De Klerk publicly condemned the ANC for not disbanding the MK